Dna And The Human Insulin Gene - 843 Words

After preparing the target DNA, scientists then insert the insulin gene into the plasmid ring. Prior to insertion, the plasmid must be cut open. Special enzymes are required to cut DNA; these enzymes are generally referred to as restriction enzymes (Rediscovering Biology, 2013). After the plasmid is prepared, scientists insert the insulin gene into the ring. The ring is then closed. The human insulin gene is now recombined with the bacterial DNA plasmid. Now that the bacterial DNA contains the human insulin gene, it’s inserted into a certain variety of bacteria. It’s important for scientists to verify the success of their gene transfer to ensure that it’s capable of being reproduced. To make certain, scientists will insert the insulin gene along with a gene coding for antibiotic resistance onto a plasmid. The engineered bacteria will then be grown in a lab using a special gel that contains the antibiotic and other nutrients required for growth. Only bacterial cel ls containing the antibiotic resistance gene that survive are considered successful (Recombinant DNA, 2004). Multiple plasmids are inserted into each bacterial cell, improving the chances of success in terms of insulin production. As the bacteria cell thrives and begins to reproduce, its inner processes activate the gene for human insulin prompting insulin production (Kamionka, 2011). As the cells reproduce, so too does the human insulin gene. Finally, these bacteria-produced human insulin protein molecules areShow MoreRelatedEssay On Dna Methylation1075 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe DNA methylation and gene expression of SLC22A1, SLC22A3, and SLC47A1, which respectively encode the three metformin transporters OCT1, OCT3, and MATE1, in the human liver. In agreement with a previous study where OCT1 was found to be the most expressed drug transporter in the liver [15], we found higher mRNA expression of SLC22A1 than SLC22A3 (Additional file 1: Figure S2A). SLC47A1 was also highly exp ressed in the liver, as previously reported [16]. Metformin transporter genes have beenRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1271 Words   |  6 Pagesengineers don t make new genes, they rearrange existing ones† says George Mason University Professor of Environmental Sciences,Dr.Thomas Lovejoy(TodayInSci, 2014).Genetic Modifications (GM) have been a topical interest among the field of biotechnology, in which modern techniques directly manipulate genomes allowingthe transfer of specific trait genes from one organism to be inserted into another organism changing its genes. In doing so, an organism with the transferred gene may express the traits thatRead MoreWhat Is Genetic Engineering?954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe transferring a specific traits- genes from one organism to the other- this could be a plant or an animal. It is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genes- the genetic material. What is genetic engineering used for? It is used to change the genetic makeup of cells which spontaneously includes the transfer of genes within and across species. Genetic engineering is also used to mass produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (which isRead MoreUnit Title: Biochemistry Of Nucleic Acids.(A.C. 5.1 And1583 Words   |  7 PagesUnit Title: Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids (A.C. 5.1 and 5.2) The human body is made up of trillions of cells and each cell has a nucleus, filled inside with chromosomes made of a long string of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) wrapped around a special protein called histone (American cancer society 2014). According to Cancer Research UK (2014) DNA by itself is made up of thousands of genes, which are a coded message that tell the cell how to behave and divide. As such if the signals are missing, cellsRead MoreThe Human Of Recombinant Bacteria1649 Words   |  7 Pagesis a bacterium cell that has had its genome changed, by the alteration, or edition of a gene. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially prepared by cutting DNA into smaller fragments and joining fragments together, that would not normally be found together naturally- even fragments taken from different organisms.( Principles of Gene Manipulation sixth edition, S.B. Primrose, R.M. Twyman and R.W. Old ) DNA can be cut using the enzyme Restriction endonuclease, which recognises a specific sequenceRead MoreThe Use Of Recombinant Dna For Science And Medicine909 Words   |  4 Pagesrecombinant DNA technology has been a huge advancement to science. In the early 1970s the first recombinant DNA was produced (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013). Researchers Stanley Cohen and Hebert Boyer used restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, and then fused them back together to form their recombinant vector (â€Å"1972 First†, 2013; Cederbaum, S., et al., 1984). Through transformation the vector is then inserted into a host cell to amplify their hybrid DNA, also known as recombinant DNA (â€Å"1972 First†Read MoreEssay about The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology is the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism.(1) This is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to enable the rapid production of human protein from a single gene of insulin. Firstly the single gene required must be isolated. This can be done three ways: Either by working backwards from the protein-Read MoreThe Role Dna Serves For The Human Cell1267 Words   |  6 Pages The Role DNA Serves For The Human Cell Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accommodates a variety of purposes, including data storage and replication, in the human cell and in the cells of many other organisms. DNA in a human cell is primarily responsible for storing genetic information that is utilized to control virtually every aspect of cellular expression. This genetic information is passed down from parents to progeny, resulting in progeny with some genetic traits of each parent. DNA is withal replicatedRead MoreEthical And Social Problems Of Genetic Engineering1478 Words   |  6 PagesEngineering is the process of manipulating the genome of an organism such as bacteria, insulin, brown rice and etc using biotechnology. Genetic Engineering is developed to make cell growth faster, increase production, and protect against diseases. An organism that is produced through Genetic Engineering is called Genetically Modified Organism or GMO. The first GMO was a bacterium produced in 1973 in a lab and in 1982 Insulin became the fi rst GMO commercialized product available to the public. In the 21stRead MoreThe Discovery, Process, And Applications Of Transgenic Bacteria1416 Words   |  6 PagesTransgenic bacteria, or genetically modified bacteria, is a type of recombinant DNA organism which uses bacteria as the host for inserting an exogenous gene. This biotechnology has been most widely utilized in medication with a great contribution to the progress of today’s medical science and pharmacy. This research paper introduces the discovery, process, and applications of transgenic bacteria. Furthermore, its advantages, disadvantages, and future directions will also be discussed. In 1953,

Kurtzs Last Words Essay - 641 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad presents the character of Kurtz as a man who is seen differently by all who know him depending on their individual experiences with him. His cousin knew him as a man with great musical talent, others knew him as a great leader, and his â€Å"Intended† fiance knew him as an admirable humanitarian; but all of these knew him to be a remarkable genius. When the narrator, Marlow, first hears of him, he is told that Kurtz is known as a great leader destined to hold high positions and fame. However, as he travels the river, he also learns that Kurtz has become insane during his time in the African jungle. After Marlow finally comes into contact with him, he discovers that Kurtz has†¦show more content†¦Perhaps Kurtz is recognizing the results of the choices he made and the evil inside of himself that he unleashed upon other people through dreadful acts. When he came to Africa, he was an admired leader with a fiance and a promising future; but his own power led to his downfall. Despite his high intelligence, his ability to do literally whatever he wished without answering to any higher power aside from his own desires was too much for him to endure sanely. Through Kurtz’s demise, Conrad describes the ridiculousness of one person’s rule over others because all people have weaknesses and faults that they cannot overcome when tempted. The absolute power of one individual is too much responsibility and will ultimately corrupt any person, leading them to believe that he or she truly possesses divine power which is true madness. At that point, one is unable to freely make moral decisions because, as demonstrated by Kurtz’s own experience, selfishness has taken over. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kurtz’s madness, although made clear early in the novel, is barely recognizable among the horrors of the men of the Company who completely dehumanize the Africans and treat them like animals or even worse in some cases. The difference is found in the fact that the Company tries to downplay their brutality while Kurtz is completely honest about his suppression of the natives, whom he refers to as â€Å"brutes,† and his desire to eradicate them. In his final days, he reveals to MarlowShow MoreRelated Heart of Darkness Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagespermeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the moral confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the moral reconciliation he has within himself while searching for Kurtz. Marlows morals are challenged numerous times throughout the book; on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the behavior of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapaciousRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1309 Words   |  6 Pagesto terms with his past acts of cowardice and eventually becomes the leader of a small South Seas country. (online-literature). Heart of Darkness is British man s journey deep into the Congo of Africa, where he encounters the cruel and mysterious Kurtz, a European trader who has established himself as a ruler of the native people there. Conrad continued as an author and published more books such as Nostromo and The Secret Agent. Many of his writings first appeared in magazines, followed by the publicationRead MoreThe Horror: The Transformation of Kurtz in Heart of Darkness517 Words   |  3 PagesKurtz and the Horror Throughout the first two parts of Joseph Conrads book, Heart of Darkness, the character Kurtz is built up to be this amazing and remarkable man. In the third book, however, we learn the truth about who Kurtz really is. Kurtz cries out in a whisper, The horror! The horror!(p. 86), and in only two words he manages to sum up the realization of all the horrors of his life during his time in the Congo. In the first parts of the book most of the characters Marlow meetsRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness - Summary1145 Words   |  5 Pagesmentions a man named Kurtz who is a remarkable agent that has sent more ivory from the jungle than the other agents combined. Marlows interest is perked in Kurtz and will eventually grow into an unhealthy obsession and become the focus of the story. After a difficult journey, Marlow arrives at the Companys Central Station where he learns that the steamer he was supposed to command has been destroyed in a wreck. He meets the local manager, who mentions Kurtz and says that Kurtz is assumed to be illRead MoreAnalysis Of Heart Of Darkness 1331 Words   |  6 Pagesimperialism in Africa; the Englishmen wish to colonize in Africa with the purpose of taking their ivory. Charlie Marlow, who works as a sailor in the company of ivory trading. Marlow meets a man named Kurtz, the best-selling agent, during his journey to the Congo. In Heart of Darkness, the characters Marlow, Kurtz helps portray the theme. Marlow’s actions during his journey to the Congo in Africa develops his personality by revealing his character. When Marlow arrives at the Costal Station, the first companyRead MoreHeart of Darkness Commentary893 Words   |  4 Pagesform. The book centers around Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his journey up the Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an idealistic man of great abilities, as if he was a deity. Ultimately Kurtz’s mental collapse and subsequent monstrosities culminate into a tragic anti-climatic death in which Kurtz utters the dying words â€Å"The horror! The horror!† His dying words seem to reflect Kurtz own feelings and realizations of his very being, his demise and his regret for the circumstances of his situationRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthings about a man named Kurtz, whom he eventually meets. He becomes fascinated by this Kurtz character and becomes obsessed with finding out as much as he can about him. A character in a story â€Å"sticks with us long after we have forgotten the details of what, where, and how† (Mays 123). In Heart of Darkness the reader has the rare opportunity to get to know a character who is only explored through the eyes of other characters in the story so that when we do finally meet Kurtz in the final pages ofRead More Realization of Inner Evil in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe characters Kurtz and Marlow and through the exploration of the dark continent of Africa. Throughout the novel the reader only comes into contact with Kurtz through Marlow and the comments of other minor characters. Kurtz is a first class agent employed at an ivory station in the center of Africa. Due to his great ability to steal and kill mercilessly he is considered to be the best at obtaining ivory. Upon meeting Kurtz, Marlow considers him to be a remarkable man because Kurtz is aware ofRead MoreSimilarly, Conrad’S Heart Of Darkness Explorers An Actual1172 Words   |  5 PagesCongo River in search of a highly reputable ivory trader named Kurtz. Prior to his spiral into insanity, Conrad describes Kurtz as a man of â€Å"promise†, â€Å"greatness†, a â€Å"generous mind†, and a â€Å"noble heart† (2008-9). Hearing of this reputable Victorian man, Marlow sets out to meet him, only to discover that these descriptors no longer fit the man he finds in the heart of the Congo, even if they ever truly fit him at all. As Marlow describes Kurt z at the start of the novel, he worships and reveres him as aRead MoreKurtzs Affect on Other Characters in Heart of Darkness Essay568 Words   |  3 Pagesamount of time but have a great affect on the story. Kurtz is one of these characters. Kurtz is introduced towards the end of the story but he has an affect on the action, the theme and the other characters development even when he isn’t present. Kurtz is a power hungry man who achieved his power by getting into the ivory business and using shady techniques. He also befriended the natives in the jungle who basically become his slaves. Kurtz is so well known and put on such a pedestal, that no

Hawk roosting free essay sample

This is a dramatic monologue in the character of a hawk. Hughes dramatizes the hawk’s thoughts and attitudes to the majesty of creation, creating a character of self-focussed, god-like arrogance, of brutality and beauty. STRUCTURE The structure of the poem is regular, with verses of four lines each and similar length lines, which create a feeling of tight control, that adds to the theme of power and perfect balance in the hawk. The punctuation is equally tight, with many sentences contained within the line, which gives an abrupt, sharp, controlled feel. However, there is some enjambment, which breaks free of the stanza to run across the line break, as if the hawk can disregard the rules, creating a flowing effect as he lists his powers. â€Å"I sit on the top of the wood, my eyes closed. † – this is the first line of the poem. The first word in the poem is a sign that Hughes is writing in first person, this is called a dramatic monologue. Next, we see the phrase â€Å"on top of the wood†. This means literally that the hawk is sat at the top of the tree. However, it also symbolizes that the hawk is at the top of the food chain and that it is in control. Also on the first line, we see the phrase â€Å"my eyes closed†. This also literally means that his eyes are closed, but it also means that he has self-confidence that no one will attack him and that he is secure. The second line of the first stanza says â€Å"inaction, no falsifying dream†. The phrase â€Å"no falsifying dream† means that the hawk doesn’t have any dreams or ambitions, it just wants to kill. This is not surprising because Hughes often wrote poems about animals and he was fascinated about animal instinct and this is a good example of animal instinct. â€Å"Between my hooked head and my hooked feet†. In this line we see Hughes use a well-known technique known as repetition on the word â€Å"hooked†. This is used in this example to show that it is a violent creature and that it is evolved to kill and to follow its animal instinct. The final line in the first stanza reads â€Å"or in sleep rehearse perfect kills and eat†. This line has many meanings, one of which symbolizes again the natural animal instinct of the hawk because it shows that even when the hawk appears to be resting it is concentrating on its future kills and its technique. Also, at  the very end of this stanza, we see the phrase â€Å" and eat. † The full stop at the end of this phrase is called a caesura. A caesura is a way of making the reader sense of a finished action, and in this example, is used to show that the eating of the animal is the end of what the hawk has to do. It can also be interpreted as that the hawk eats its prey quickly without it knowing anything about it. As we move on to the second stanza, we read â€Å"the convenience of high trees†. This can be read literally as the trees help him hunt because he can see his prey easier with its amazing eyesight. However, it could also be read as that he is happy to be at the top of the food chain. The second line in this stanza mentions the suns buoyancy and the suns rays. This is show that the hawk believes that everything in nature is there to support it and that it believes it is at the Centre of the universe. â€Å"And the earth’s face upward for my inspection. † This line shows that the hawk believes that the earth is looking up at the hawk; showing that the hawk is most superior in comparison to everything else; even the earth itself. Also on the final line of this stanza, we see the phrase â€Å"earth’s face†. This is an example of personification because the earth doesn’t actually have a face but Hughes describes the earth as having a face because it shows that it is looking up at the hawk. The first line in the third stanza reads, â€Å"My feet are locked upon the rough bark†. This means that he is stuck in the wood up in the tree. However, it can also mean that it is locked inside of his animal instinct and cannot escape his ambition to kill and eat. â€Å" it took the whole of creation†. This can be interpreted to represent that god created the hawk and that it took all of god’s power to create such a perfect and evolved creature. The following line reads â€Å"to produce my foot; my each feather†. This could mean that it took god time and delicacy to create such a precise animal. Finally, the stanza concludes with the line â€Å"now I hold creation in my foot†. This could have several intended meanings, one of which is that the hawk is now in control of everything in the world. Another interpretation is that Hughes mentions the word foot. The foot is the very bottom of the hawk and this could mean that all other creations are at the bottom and the hawk is at the top of the world. Stanza 4 begins with ‘or fly up and revolve it slowly†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is an example of enjambment. Enjambment is where a sentence in one stanza carries on into the next stanza. Hughes uses this as a way of showing that the hawk could do whatever he wanted by offering an alternate solution holding creation in his foot. Hughes then carries on to say, â€Å"I kill where I please because it’s all mine†. This line shows how the hawk feels in power and again like it is the Centre of the universe. The first two lines of this stanza are of contrast to the last two of the previous stanza because the tempo of the previous stanza was building up tension, whereas in stanza 4, we see Hughes unravel the words in a smooth way by selecting words that ‘roll off of the tongue ‘. The third and fourth line of this stanza says, â€Å"there is no sophistry in my body, my manners are tearing off heads†. These two lines are another example of the hawk’s animal instinct. This is because it means that there is nothing clever or sly about the hawk itself, it just follows its natural instinct to just be direct, violent and brutal. In the penultimate stanza, we see Hughes explain to us about â€Å"the allotment of death†. The word allotment basically means giving out; therefore Hughes is trying to say that the hawk is giving out death to its prey; like it means nothing to the hawk because he is so powerful and kills on a daily basis. The second line in this stanza links back to the point about the hawk being under a spell of instinct with the words â€Å"direct† and â€Å"path†. However, it also has a deeper meaning. The phrase â€Å"my path is direct† could also mean that the aim of his life is to get to this final place and that place is evolution. The final line in this stanza is â€Å"No arguments asset my right† this could mean that the hawk doesn’t have to battle or argue with anyone to be at the top and a leader because he is the most powerful. In the final stanza we see the tempo of the poem slow down to a calm tempo and the first line starts with â€Å"the sun is behind me†. This is a simple sentence that has two interpretations. One of which is the denotation of that the sun is behind the hawk, creating a visual aid to the hawk. Another interpretation is that the hawk believes that the sun is helping the hawk  and only the hawk and it is acting as the hawk’s army. The second line says, â€Å" Nothing has changed since I began†. Hughes meant this to be as if the hawk is the pinnacle of evolution and that it cannot become any better than it already is. Finally, the last two lines of the stanza say, â€Å"my eye has permitted no change, I am going to keep it this way. † This could be interpreted as meaning that he hasn’t allowed anything to change or anything else to take control of his kingdom. The phrase â€Å"I am going to keep things like this† means that he likes the way that things are and he is going to keep them. The use of dramatic monologue is key in this sentence because it shows that it is his kingdom and is a final example of how the hawk is portrayed to believe that this is his world, his kingdom and that he is the Centre of the universe. BACKGROUND In the past, Ted Hughes wrote a lot of poems about animals because they follow their natural instinct unlike humans, who follow the media and what they have been taught to believe is right and wrong and that is why his poems has such a strong affect on an influenced audience. Hughes also admitted although he admired animal instinct, he was also scared by it.

The Chronicles of Narnia free essay sample

In this paper I will be comparing and contrasting Prince Caspian the movie and the book. First I will be comparing and contrasting the charters. Second I will be comparing and contrasting the settings. Third I will compare and contrast my favorite character. After this paper you will be able to understand the movie and the book with out seeing or reading them. Peter is a strong protective individual. Peter thinks fast than executes the plan. Susan is the high queen of Nanina and is the best Archer in the land. Lucy is eleven and braver than any one else. She is also a healer and a holder of the Fire Lilly Potion. Edmund is head strong but is still regretting not trusting Lucy. I will now compare and contrast peter. First in the book he did not get into a fight. In the movie he does. In the book Peter did not yell at Edmund when the magic happened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chronicles of Narnia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the movie however he did yell at him. When peter got to Cair Paravel he did not count the steps but in the book he did. Now I will compare and contrast Susan the oldest girl in the family. In the book Susan shot the helmet of a guard. In the movie she just killed one of the guards. In the book Susan noticed her horn was missing first. In the movie Peter noticed it first. I will now compare and contrast Edmund. In the movie Edmund went to Miraz to announce the proposal. In the book Susan went to Miraz to tell him of the proposal. Edmund did not follow throw with Lucy’s plan in the book. In the movie he did follow throw. Something that was the same about the movie and book was Edmund fought in both battles. Finally I will compare and contrast Lucy. Something that was the same was Lucy said it was magic. Also in the movie and the book Lucy went to aslant during the fight. Some thing that was different was in the movie Lucy had two conversations with Aslan. In the book she had one with Aslan. In both the movie and the book start in the train station they where about to go to school. In the movie Peter got into a fight at the train station over accidence bump. As in the book he did not. Then the children arrived in Cair Paravel, well what was left of it. There where three battles the first was at Mirazs castle that battle was more of a quick attack but they still lost half there army. Second and third at Aslans how at Aslans how the battle was very interesting. In both the movie and the book they had an underground trap that worked really good. Caspian started out not believing the Narien creatures were real. When Caspian started his journey he got captured by two dwarfs and a badger. Then he started rallying his troops. When he started happed Caspian was new and did not know what to do. The second battle was on his turf and he was a great leader and they had a special trap. Caspian was different in the book because in the book he did not want revenge but in the movie he really wants it. I compared and contrasted Prince Caspian the movie and the book. The main charters Peter, Lucy, Edmund and Susan. The Setting are the train station and Aslans how. My favorite charter is Prince Caspian. I hope you under stand the movie and the book now.