Ethics And Abortion Essays - Abortion, Personhood, Abortion Debate

Morals And Abortion Nicole Brockway Reasoning Educator Shibles Dec 1999 Morals and Abortion Since the get-go, ladies have confronted persecution in each aspect of our lives. While individuals around the globe battled and picked up the privileges of life, freedom, and the quest for satisfaction, it appeared the ladies of the world were being denied these rights. Ladies have worked long and difficult to pick up correspondence and the option to be accountable for their own bodies. As a lady of the 1990's, going to arrive when the new century rolled over, I feel it is my place to keep on battling for the privileges of my sex. As quite a while supporter of the expert decision development, I have come to see that there are various contentions for star decision, just as against. I have additionally come to see that there are a wide range of approaches to take a gander at the two sides of these contentions. Some imagine life as highly contrasting, as good and bad. By taking a gander at life rationally, we come to see that it isn't as straightforward as that. Smart contentions don't just rely upon an individual's perspective. They rely upon basic investigation too. Individuals are not only an unfortunate obligation, however finishes in themselves. A lady rewarded as a hatchery by the law is simply an unfortunate obligation, and is thusly not being Brockway 2 viewed as an individual. The lady's privilege as an individual, to be treated as an end in herself, concurs her the option to pick. A lady is an individual, while the undeveloped organism is only an expected individual. Being only a likely individual, it in this manner doesn't have the privileges of a genuine individual. Another enormous contention in the development is the strict part of the discussion. Christians are for the most part as per the star life gathering. Hostile to fetus removal enactment depends on the acknowledgment of confidence of otherworldly elements called spirits. These spirits ought not be mistaken for the mind concentrated by analysts, for mind is Greek for soul or breath (The American Heritage Dictionary. Second College Edition. 1982. Houghton Mifflin Company. Pg 999). The Greek expression mind is both mental and destructible and mindful of the truth of death and its own annihilation ( reference). The spirit, on the other hand, is eternal, inseparable, and indestructible. Having a spirit is imperative to Christians since the spirit emerges into paradise and additions unceasing life. The explanation that we slaughter, eat, and investigate creatures is on the grounds that they apparently come up short on a spirit. In any case, when does an embryo obtain a spirit? Fathers of the Christian religion, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, declared that the hatchling procured a spirit following 40 days for a male, and 90 days for a female, (When Did I Begin?. Dr. Norman Find. 1988. C.U.P. pg 39-43, 193). This model, from a Christian source, features a very notable philosophical issue. This issue is the coherent difficulty of exactly adhering to a meaningful boundary with respect to when the baby gains a spirit. Book of scriptures can not be acknowledged as a Brockway 3 wellspring of morals by altruistic and mainstream governments, nor is The Bible packed with instances of, what are by present day common gauges, primitive good statutes. For model, in Deuteronomy 22:28-29, The Bible states: If a man assaults an unbetrothed female virgin, at that point the discipline is to compel the man to wed the lady with no privilege of separation. How is that discipline for him? The lady is rebuffed for something that she had no influence over. Some star lifers contend that it is murder to slaughter an unborn kid since life starts at origination. They are right while expressing that. Another human life starts when an egg with 23 chromosomes gets together with a sperm with 23 chromosomes and makes a prepared cell called a zygote with 46 chromosomes. A solitary cell zygote contains the DNA important to develop in this way it is a potential individual ( reference). Yet, being alive doesn't give the zygote full human rights. A solitary cell one-celled critter likewise changes over supplements and oxygen into organic vitality that makes its ells separate and duplicate. A one-celled critter additionally contains a full arrangement of DNA and is similarly as alive as a

The Gender Theory Essay Example for Free

The Gender Theory Essay Shopping is something that can be immediately characterized as a woman’s heaven or â€Å"realm of expertise†. It has regularly been said that ladies invest more energy and cash shopping that men invest time and cash shopping. In my investigation, I will go to Costco and pick five individuals at arbitrary. I expect to demonstrate that ladies will invest more energy and cash shopping at Costco than men will invest time and cash at Costco. I likewise mean to demonstrate that more ladies will require help with setting their things in their vehicles than men will require help with putting their things in their vehicles. The sexual orientation job hypothesis assumed a noteworthy job in this analysis. In the hypothesis, ladies expect the job of the nurturer and parental figure. Men, then again, accept the job of the defender and the assailant. Subject A-Female (37) 1. Time went through in Costco-two hours. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$149. 27. 3. Help required with putting things in vehicle? No Subject B-Female (52) 1. Time went through in Costco 60 minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$50. 12. 3. Help required with putting things in vehicle? No Venus versus Mars 3 Subject C-Male (31) 1. Time went through in Costco-three hours and thirty minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$412. 92. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? Truly Subject D-Male (47) 1. Time went through in Costco-three hours. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$371. 58. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? Truly Subject E-Male (22) 1. Time went through in Costco-twenty minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$22. 12. 3. Help required with putting things in vehicle? No The sex job hypothesis was exchanged with the guineas pigs. The ladies, Subjects An and B, were protective when drawn nearer for the test. The two of them were short and to the point with their answers. They were both forceful to the point wherein they requested that I remain in any event an a manageable distance away from them. The men, then again, were a remarkable inverse. Subjects C and D both were welcoming and loquacious. The two of them shook my hand and held long discussions with me after I helped them with putting the things in their particular vehicles. Subject E carried on a similar path as Subjects An and B. Venus versus Mars 4 The normal result didn't happen. Out of the five guineas pigs, the men invested more energy and cash shopping at Costco. The men, generally, were the ones who required help with setting their possessions in their vehicles. In the event that this examination were to be performed once more, more guineas pigs ought to be utilized so as to have a reason for demonstrating or invalidating the sex hypothesis.

Cancel your Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Withdraw/Cancel your Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Withdraw/Cancel your Application A number of colleges have just released their EA/ED decisions, and now comes the time when some of our applicants decide that another university is a better match for their needs as a college student. This is just fine, as we know that this will happen and we plan for this possibility in our admission offers. FYI: This is not an option for applicants who just want to redo their application because they left off some items, as these student would just contact us and add information to their file. We have tried to make it easy for students to withdraw/cancel their application, and we have built it into the myStatus page. On the bottom of the site, you will see an option for canceling your application, either before or after an offer of admission. The biggest thing we want you to be sure of before you take this step is that you really want to withdraw/cancel your application (dont just do this on a whim). We even built in an are you sure step just to make sure this is what you want. If you have selected another college to attend, and are sure that UGA is not in your plans, then go ahead and withdraw/cancel your application. This will help you to no longer receive communications from us, it allows us to clear things up on our side and focus on potential UGA enrollees, and makes things easier for everyone. Good luck, and Go Dawgs!

Cancel your Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Withdraw/Cancel your Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Withdraw/Cancel your Application A number of colleges have just released their EA/ED decisions, and now comes the time when some of our applicants decide that another university is a better match for their needs as a college student. This is just fine, as we know that this will happen and we plan for this possibility in our admission offers. FYI: This is not an option for applicants who just want to redo their application because they left off some items, as these student would just contact us and add information to their file. We have tried to make it easy for students to withdraw/cancel their application, and we have built it into the myStatus page. On the bottom of the site, you will see an option for canceling your application, either before or after an offer of admission. The biggest thing we want you to be sure of before you take this step is that you really want to withdraw/cancel your application (dont just do this on a whim). We even built in an are you sure step just to make sure this is what you want. If you have selected another college to attend, and are sure that UGA is not in your plans, then go ahead and withdraw/cancel your application. This will help you to no longer receive communications from us, it allows us to clear things up on our side and focus on potential UGA enrollees, and makes things easier for everyone. Good luck, and Go Dawgs!

Early Slavery; Middle Passage, and Other. - 1508 Words

Lauren Subia History Paula Marshall-Gray September 16, 2012 Answered Questions 1. Thomas Phillips attitude toward the black Africans reflect pity. It’s not their fault that their climate and area have made their pigment of their skin black. The only reason it’s such a big deal is because their different characteristics from the white people. He doesn’t believe that white people’s skin color is superior, but since society thinks that it’s favorable to them; that’s where their superiority complex comes from over the skin color. The Africans perceived the Europeans as the Satan. They came and uprooted them from their own country; the only place they’ve ever known. They were not asked to leave but forced too and majority of them had no†¦show more content†¦That’s what I believe what Thomas Phillips did. Answered Questions 1. The major themes of equiano’s narrative are oppression and the will to survive. These could be incorporated into a general anti-slavery appeal because these were some of the main things slaves dealt with. In order to make an anti-slavery appeal it needs to be something not particularly good to get to people to notice and look into so they can understand the harsh conditions these people went through and help stop this terrible thing from happening anymore. Equiano intended this for all people because everybody needed to know what underwent on these voyages. 2. It is very important that he remembered this because it’s obviously scared him for life. 3. Of course it would be rendered useless because he lied about experiencing the Middle Passage. It’s like a slap in the face to the people that actually had experienced it. Analysis Now not many of us understand how it was like to be born or abducted to be slaves. I know people have heard and read about how these poor innocent people were forced from their home country and commanded to do hard labor; but I don’t think they really actually understood the severity and harsh conditions these human beings underwent. Olaudah Equiano wrote this document of his journey through the Middle Passage to show peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Slave Trade Route between Africa and North America Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesThe slave trade route between Africa and North America was known as the Middle Passage. From the early 1500s to the mid-1900s Africans were treated poorly and had suffered greatly from the journey of the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage first started out by shipping four hundred fifty thousand people to the New World and then extended to almost thirteen million Africans. Africans were boarded onto ships to the New World in two major locations in Africa i n which are Angola and Gabon. An outrageousRead MoreSlavery, Passage, Freedom, And The Sea By Janelle Collins1393 Words   |  6 Pages According to Janelle Collins article titled, Passgae to Slavery, Passage to Freedom: Olaudah and the Sea â€Å"The slave narrative genre is generally recognized as a text that persuasively uses autobiography to argue against the inhumanity and injustice of the institution of slavery.† This explanation begs the question of what is a slave. Slaves were very common in early American history. Slavery is not something Americans celebrate though. It caused a lot of problems and even set war between brothersRead MoreBlack People And The American Revolution1404 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, black people have been oppressed. As far back to the Middle Passage and American Revolution. In this essay, I am going to investigate the ways black people resisted their ill-treatment. I will do this by investigating different time periods between the Middle Passage and the American Revolution so that we may find trends. From my investigations, we see in what ways and for what reasons their resistance varied by their time and location in history. Additionally, we will be ableRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesher family. The purpose of the novel was to show the horrific consequences of slavery and its impact on the American environment as a whole with emphasis on black families. The novel has a melancholic tone that is best represented by the unsatisfied baby ghost in connection to the book’s epigraph â€Å"sixty million and more† (Morrison), which represents the number of African slaves who passed away during the Middle Passage. The aim of this dissertation is to study Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS)Read MoreCultural Retention During The Middle Passage1319 Words   |  6 PagesRetention in Jamaica Transport through the Middle Passage was a time of immense misery, suffering, and death for the millions of Africans who experienced it between the 1600s and 1800s. After arriving to Africa from Europe, slave traders violently kidnapped or bought African men, women, and children, for iron, cloths, and firearms. The Africans, most of whom were taken from Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Angola, the Gold Coast, which is now the nation of Ghana, and other West African countries knew nothingRead MoreResistance and Opposition From the first slaves came resistance and rebellion in hopes of gaining700 Words   |  3 Pagesunderground, and even in the middle of lakes on houses built on stilts. These villages began to adopt ‘the most brutal tactics: they indiscriminately killed anyone who ventured close to their territory so as to discourage any incursion.’ Those that were unlucky enough to still be captured, even after all the resistance, were taken to the coast where they would board the slavers. ‘It is estimated that 100,000 Africans died in uprising on the coast or during the Middle Passage.’ Revolts were much moreRead MoreChildren, Black, And Free, By Margaret Walker1143 Words   |  5 Pageshave been by a racist system of dehumanizing slavery and segregation, our American history of nearly five hundred years reveals that our cultural and spiritual gifts brought from our African past are still intact† (On Being Female, Black, and Free; Essays by Margaret Walker, 1997). Basically this quote First, I think she goes out of her way to point out the struggles of many African Americans in an elegant and unique way. The dehumanizing of slavery and segregation is something that I believe hasRead MoreColonial American Slavery Essay examples1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of slavery in the development of early America is an extremely complex, yet vitally important part of American History. There are hundreds of thousands of documents, debates, and historical studies available today. According to Ms. Goetz, the assistant professor of history at Rice University, who states, in The Southern Journal of History, that in addition to geographic and chronological diversity in the America’s, assessment of experiences of colonial slaves is extremely complex, â€Å"especiallyRead MoreUnderstanding Slaves During The 20th Century1239 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment 2 December 2014 Understanding Slaves In The Americas From the early human civilizations until the nineteenth century the practice of people owning people was a common feature in societies everywhere. Early slavery was far different from what it ultimately transformed into. War prisoners, criminals, and debtors were the common slaves during the first thousand years of civilization. It was up until the fifteenth century where slavery took a huge turn for the worst for slaves. In southeastern NigeriaRead MoreThe Middle Passage And The Transatlantic Slave Trade1594 Words   |  7 Pages Anderson Professor Gray History 1301-155 June 22, 15 The Middle Passage During history there has been plenty of slave trade in different countries. They have traded different ethnicities, and each had a different means of use for these people. What is intriguing is how they commuted these people and how this process has impacted their descendants. A major use of trade in history was the middle passage that was part of the transatlantic slave route. â€Å"The transatlantic slave trade concerns history

History of Computers - 1887 Words

History of Computers ENG 121 The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computer has invaded our life. The origins and roots of computers started out as many other inventions and technologies have in the past. They evolved from a relatively simple idea or plan designed to help perform functions easier and quicker. The†¦show more content†¦It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stopped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used. The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included: Accumulation of partial results, storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function), and printing of the results. Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science. While Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting developments in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by Charles Babbage (of which the computer store Babbages is named), a mathematics professor. In 1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations, especially those needed to make mathematical tables, were really a series ofShow MoreRelatedHistory : The History Of Computers1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don t ask ourselves this question. But if it wasn t for the people who came up with these first inventions, we wouldn t have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization of personal matter. What many of us don t know, is that the beginning of computers goesRead MoreHistory of Computers875 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Computers Table of Contents Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….2 AbstractÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…3 Body of ResearchÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 - 6 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…7 BibliographyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aikens Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years, computersRead MoreThe History of Computers1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyersRead MoreHistory of the Computer1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of the Computer Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth century (PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully programmed-controlled, automatic mechanical digitalRead MoreHistory of Computer1341 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTER THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. 1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet) The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2. PaperRead MoreA Brief History of Computers1103 Words   |  4 PagesComputers have been around for a very long time. Going back in history, some people believe that the abacus was the true first computer. The first abacus is believed to come into existence between 2700–2300 BC and was created by the Sumerians so that they could count faster, and has evolved through the years. The term â€Å"computer† came out around 1613. People who performed computations or calculations were often referred to as computers. One of the first major counting problems in history was the CensusRead MoreThe History And How Of Computers915 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as â€Å"$temp = password_hash($object-password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);†. The binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share newRead MoreTechnology : History Of Computers1924 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’s household. The history of computersRead MoreThe History Of Ibm Computers Essay1811 Words   |  8 Pages The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly 4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959, IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of air defense (Yost 27-35). IBM is also the developer of the first general purpose computers, first computers with a byte-addressableRead MoreThe History Of Computer Engineering2185 Words   |  9 Pages The History of Computer Engineering What exactly is computer engineering? Many people may consider computer engineering as the branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences. Being a computer engineering major, I must be aware of what I am dealing with in that major and how I plan to use what I learned from it in the future. If I was to just pick a major without any prior knowledge to it, then that would be senseless on my behalf. Now that I am mindful of the

Nursing Theory Application Of Nursing Theories - 4442 Words

Running head: NURSING THEORIES 1 APPLICATION OF NURSING THEORIES 2 Application of Nursing Theories Beatrice Mitchell MSN6003 ? Professional Nursing Practice Framework, Scope, and Role Unit 4 ? Assignment 1 8/7/16 Rhonda Hendricks Capella University Application of Nursing Theories Florence Nightingale and four nursing theorists are listed and analyzed in the taxonomy table in part I. A comprehensive summary of the nursing theories and a reflection on how each theory relates to the nurse s beliefs is presented in part II. The weaknesses and strengths of the nursing theories present are discussed. An explanation for the applicability of these nursing theories is provided with some examples. Part I Nursing Theory Taxonomy Florence Nightingale?s Theory of Environmental Adaptation Primary Concepts Nursing care involves putting the patient in the best position for nature to heal them. The human being is defined as being in a relationship with the environment, in relation to the effect that the environment has upon them. From her observations and experiences, Florence Nightingale discussed health as the positive of which pathology was negative, with nursing providing care to the ill and the well while engaging in health promotion (Alligood, 2014).? Assumptions Nursing is defined as being accountable for someone else?s health. Nurses control the patient?s environment to enhance recovery. Patients need nurses to perform tasks for them and to regulateShow MoreRelatedThe Application Of Nursing Theories1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Application of Nursing Theories: Nursing Theory and Me Nursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were composed of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing studentsRead MoreApplication Of Theory For Clinical Nursing Practice1278 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Theory The role of theory in clinical nursing practice is to guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing care. Theory in nursing practice provides a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation. Nursing theory also serves as a guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing practice. Theories can address important questions for nursing units. TheoriesRead MoreTheory of Chronic Sorrow and Nursing Application1200 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Theory of Chronic Sorrow and Nursing Application The theory of chronic sorrow is a middle range nursing theory explored largely by Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermnann Burke and Maragret A. Hainsworth. The theory provides framework for understanding and working with individuals who have experienced a significant loss of a loved one. As stated by Eakes et al. (1998, p. 179), Chronic sorrow is described as â€Å"†¦the periodic recurrence of permanent, pervasive sadness or other grief related feelingsRead MoreApplication Of Nursing Theory For Nursing1847 Words   |  8 PagesApplication of Nursing Theory Nursing theories are a great framework in nursing practice and assists in the positive impact in patient care. According to Kuhrik, Laub, Kuhrik, Atwater (2011), there are thoughts that in the future nursing will embark on some challenges especially oncology, due to the fact of an aging population among the elderly. The authors believe that the theoretical framework enhances the practice of nursing and aides in staff retention, patient satisfaction, and clinicalRead MoreApplication Of A Nursing Theory2111 Words   |  9 Pages Application of Nursing Theory Author’s name Institutional affiliation Introduction The use of nursing theories has practical use and benefits in the clinical nursing practice. One of the pillars of professional clinical nursing practice is patient safety and nurses are required to exercise the initiatives of improving patient care and treatment outcomes. Nursing theories are built from the dynamic process of using nursing science and are reproduced through research andRead MoreApplication Of Non Nursing Theories1421 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Non-nursing Theories in Healthcare Chaos Theory Developed as part of theories that dwell on systems rather than individual components this theory postulates that chaos is necessary in the creation of order and in fact, order and chaos are inherent components of each other. The theory, according to McEwen and Wills is guided by the principle that everything is interrelated and that order emerges from chaos (McEwen Wills, 2014). Order and chaos are not only inherent in each other butRead MoreThe Application Of Transcultural Nursing Theory1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe application of transcultural nursing theory guides nurses to care for patients with different cultures. However, nursing scholars are beginning to explore that cultural education in nursing is not discussing the power relations found between the nurse-patient relationship and health care institutions. It has been suggested that nursing curricula needs to change from teaching cultural phenomena and incorporating critical theory to address social injustices that harm th e client’s health. The purposeRead MoreApplication of Social Learning and Nursing Theories1907 Words   |  8 PagesAPPLICATION OF LEARNING AND NURSING THEORIES Introduction Several learning theories have been put forward to explain how learning takes place in individuals. These theories have found application in formal learning situations including nursing education and training. In addition, a number of nursing theories also aim to prescribe the best approach to the practice of nursing in a professional environment. Of the learning theories, social learning theory takes into account the role of the environmentRead MoreApplication Of Nursing Theory Of Goal Attainment Essay2061 Words   |  9 Pages Application of Nursing Theory Diana Kim Chamberlain College of Nursing NR501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice October 2016 â€Æ' Application of Nursing Theory: Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment (Smith Parker, 2015) is widely utilized in patient care activities, but its universal significance allows it to be applied to practice by nursing leadership, to address staff performance, and job satisfaction issues. It is importantRead MoreApplication Of Theory Within Current Nursing Issues Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Theory in Current Nursing Issues In the profession of Nursing, we are faced with different challenges daily. Some of the most common problem that we faced today are patient workloads, unit dynamics, new interns, difficult family members, and patient safety. I believe the most significant difficulty nurses faces today is the nurse-patient ratio. In New York, we currently do not have a legislation that sets the number of patients assigned to a nurse. The ratio is set by the administrators

Light And The Glory Essay Example For Students

Light And The Glory Essay The Light and the GloryThe United States Constitution has been the bedrock for the longest lasting government in all history. Why is it that our constitution still exists after more than two hundred years? Is it the incredible minds of those that framed it, or is it something else?In 1620, the Pilgrims departed from Holland and set out for America. Ten years later, they were followed by the Puritans. The Puritans and the Pilgrims experienced incredible hardships, which forced their reliance on God. There was little to eat, and shelter was no more than an uninsulated log cabin. As new generations grew up, they began to learn how to grow and harvest crops, which supplied them with plenty to eat, and comfortable lives. They did not have to depend on God for their survival. Gradually, as the people strayed further away from God, there began to be witchcraft and many people with no moral standards at all. These once godly people had forgotten how God had miraculously provided for their gr andparents. By the mid 1700s, America was in desperate need of a revival. This burden was laid on a mans heart whose name was Jonathan Edwards. Jonathan Edwards, a graduate of Yale at seventeen, began and sustained a revival that changed the course of American history. Along with George Whitefield and countless other circuit riding preachers, Jonathan Edwards brought America down on her knees before God in repentance. America was indeed a new nation. It was about this time that America began to view itself as one nation, not just a handful of independent colonies. The only problem was that the Americans were not the only ones who had settled in the New World. They were bordered on the north and west by the French and on the south by the Spanish. If anyone attempted to settle on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains, chances of survival were slim because of hostile Indians and cruel French trappers. America was far from having enough manpower to take on the French all by themselves. When King George III realized that his prized possession, the American colonies, was in danger of being taken over by the French, he sent troops to push the French- American boundary line deeper into the interior of the continent. This turned into an all out war known as the French and Indian War. Although the beginning of the war favored the French, the British eventually became successful in setting the French-American boundary well past the App alachian Mountains. Along with the Great Awakening, the French and Indian War would be another turning point in American history because the colonists now realized that they were capable of building an army. The war also unveiled future heroes such as George Washington. Most of all, it brought the colonies together in unity. Relations were now beginning to change between the colonies and England. The colonists were beginning to regard themselves as Americans rather than Englishmen. The colonies were now on a much higher spiritual level than England. King George again realized that his prize possession was in danger of being lost. However, this time it was the colonists themselves that were the threat. To stop the growing rebellion in America, George III appointed a new prime minister George Grenville. Grenville decided to tighten Englands control of the colonial settlement past the Appalachian Mountains. This would result in the Proclamation of 1763 which canceled all the land grants given to the colonies in the past by other kings and parliaments. He also laid new taxes on the colonists that violated their rights because the colonists had no representatives in the English parliament. The Stamp Act and the Quartering Act were just a few of the burdens that Grenville laid on the colonists. William Pitt and Edmund Burke were two men in the English parliament who encouraged Grenville to lift the tariffs and taxes. When Grenville arrogantly refused to lift any of the tariffs or taxes, it was one of the most costly mistakes he would ever make. Burdensome taxes were enraging the colonists. They did owe England a war debt of 37,000,000 dollars, but the Quartering Act had nothing to do with paying money to the English. Still, even if there was no Quartering Act, the colonists still had no representatives in the English parliament for the other taxes!In Boston, Massachusetts, the anger that the colonists had against England was beginning to turn into hatred. British regulars, roaming the streets of Boston and lodging in the homes of the people, only made matters worse. There was always taunting and teasing between the colonists and the soldiers, but on March 5,1770, taunting and teasing turned into something much more serious. Children began throwing snowballs at some British soldiers standing in the street. Soon, adults joined in that were carrying pitch forks and other farm-tools. As the soldiers became angry, someone yelled Fire! and the soldiers fired into the crowd killing five colonists. This was later known as the Bosto n Massacre. When George Grenville heard of the tragedy in Boston, he repealed all of the taxes and tariffs except a tax on tea. England later shut down Bostons port because some the colonists threw a shipload of tea into the Boston harbor so that they would not have to pay the tax on it. Because the port was closed, Boston had no way of providing food for itself. Instead of Boston starving to death and crying out for mercy like the British thought they would, something extraordinary happened. Other colonies such as South Carolina and Virginia sent a bountiful food supply to Boston and would send more if needed. England now found out something else: the colonies were not just a bunch of separate colonies, they were a nation!In 1774, when the first Continental Congress met, a war with England was now coming into sight. In the Congress, there was much debate over whether the colonists should go to war with England or succumb to Englands authority. Although there were English loyalists at the convention, Patrick Henry summed up the majoritys opinion with the end of an incredible speech which stated, I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death! As 1775, came, a war with England was almost certain. Minutemen were already training, drilling, and storing ammunition. Finally, on April 18, 1775, the English commander, General Gage, prepared seven hundred troops to capture the patriot leaders and crush the rebellion. Early the next morning, a handful of untrained minute men set up at the Lexington green to stall the British so that the main American force in Concord would have time to get organized for a fight. As the long line of British regulars began arriving at the green, the Americans realized that they were vastly outnumbered, but they stood their ground anyway. The British Commander said, Disperse you rebels or die. However, the Americans tenaciously held their ground. As the British commanders continued to threaten the rebels, the Americans began to part from the green. Just as the Americans were leaving, a shot was fired which resulted in a powerful volley from the British into the fleeing rebels. The volley killed twelve Americans. When the Americans returned fire, it did little to the British. Although the first confrontation in the war had been a crushing defeat, the American War for Independence had begun!When the British were on their way to Concord, the tide began to turn. The minutemen began to fight like Indians instead of the traditional way. Assaulting the British from behind rocks and trees was a very effective way to fight. By the end of the day, the British had more casualties and losses than the Americans did. The British agonizingly realized that this was much more than just a small rebellion. Police Subculture EssayAfter the war, America ratified the Articles of Confederation as its government. The articles had many weaknesses which resulted in anarchy. Because America had been under tyranny for so long, they resorted to a government that was too loose and unstable. In the Articles of Confederation, the government had no power to tax, which resulted in a lack of money to supply for national defense. Although there were many people who were for the Articles, men like Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton knew that if America was to survive as a nation, they would need a more solid and central form of government. In the summer of 1787, representatives from all over the country came to Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Their goal was to change the Articles of Confederation so that it would be a more solid form of government. Soon, the purpose of this meeting was no longer to revise the Articles of Confederation, but to design a whole new form of gove rnment. After studying different government structures from the past in other countries, the delegates at the convention began to see what kind of government America needed. There needed to be a government with three branches, not just one. The major problem was how the states should be represented. If the states were represented according to their population, it would be unfair to the smaller, less populated states. However, if every state had the same number of representatives, the larger, populated states would not be represented properly. The solution to this problem was found after studying the English government. The delegates decided to have two houses; one according to the population of the states and one that had the same number of representatives per state. These two houses were the House of Representatives and the Senate. The incredible document that these men wrote became known as the Constitution. Today, America still has the same government that was formed at the Constitutional Convention in Independence Hall over two hundred years ago. Although there have been amendments to the Constitution, it has provided the longest lasting and most successful government in all history. The reason that it has lasted so long is not the brilliance of those who wrote it. The one and only reason that our government has had such an incredible duration is that it was founded by great men of God who believed the Bible and had great moral standards. Although there were some non-Christians that helped write the Constitution, all the delegates believed that there was a God who had helped win the War for Independence and inspired men like Washington and Madison to form the Constitution. The average American today may look at Americas history and believe that all of the miraculous and supernatural events that took place were just coincidences. That however is false. It was God who provided food for the Puritans and Pilgrims. It was God who created the blinding snowstorm over the Delaware River that night and kept the American army together at Valley Forge. It was God who inspired men like Washington, Adams, and Madison at the Constitutional Convention. There is no doubt that without the incredible providence of God, there would be no America today!

Alternative Meanings for Names of Sense Organs

Alternative Meanings for Names of Sense Organs Alternative Meanings for Names of Sense Organs Alternative Meanings for Names of Sense Organs By Mark Nichol The words for body parts that enable us to perceive stimuli have, sensibly, been applied to other meanings that are extensions of the original connotations. Here are additional meanings of ear, eye, nose, skin, and tongue. Ear An ear is an earlike part of an object or a body or a plant. It also means â€Å"sensitivity to pitch and tone of music or melody or rhythm of speaking,† and it’s a figurative term for a listener or the attention or awareness a listener offers. Eye This word refers to something resembling an eye in appearance or function. It might also denote a glance or a look, or close attention or scrutiny, as well as judgment or point of view or good eyesight or discernment. Eye also refers to the direction from which wind blows or the center of a storm. Nose Nose is employed to mean â€Å"the sense of smell,† or to refer to the aroma or bouquet of something. It also applies, usually in the adjectival form nosy, to curiosity or meddling, though, more positively, one might be said to have a nose, or a knack for comprehending or finding, for something. Also, the forward or projecting end of a tool or any object is frequently referred to as its nose. Skin The covering of a piece of fruit or a seed is called the skin, and any casing or sheathing, or a film or a similar layer, is often referred to as such. It also refers to well-being (â€Å"Save your skin!†) or to one’s self (â€Å"She’s comfortable in her own skin†). Tongue Tongue applies to the power of communication, or to language itself. The word also describes the quality of the tone of something said, or the intention or sense of the message (as when describing someone as having a sharp tongue). In plural form, it refers to meaningless utterances, usually in the context of religious ecstasy (â€Å"speaking in tongues†); tongue also denotes the cry of a hound during a hunt, or a similar sound. It also applies to a narrow projection of an object or of land, or to an object resembling a tongue in form, a projecting edge on a board designed to be inserted into a groove on an edge of an other board (this system of construction is called tongue-and-groove), or a flame. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About HandsRules for Capitalization in TitlesPrepositions to Die With

Skin and Foot Assessment of a diabetic mellitus patient The WritePass Journal

Skin and Foot Assessment of a diabetic mellitus patient Introduction Skin and Foot Assessment of a diabetic mellitus patient IntroductionCase scenarioNeurologic system Skin assessmentThe outcome of having foot assessmentOutcome of musculoskeletal systeOutcome of neurologic assessmentOutcome of peripheral vascular assessmentOutcome of skin assessmentConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction In this article, we will discuss a case scenario related to diabetic mellitus patient. After understanding the case, we will state what is our main concern in this scenario and why will we focus on this aspect rather other aspect. Also we will introduce some tools to do an assessment in order to predict the outcome. If we understand the possible outcome, we may anticipate the outcome of this patient and understand the possible worse situation too. In this scenario, foot assessment will be focused on. Case scenario Ms Wong, 47 years old woman who was a housewife, arrived at hospital due to get dizzy, fatigue and fall in the floor at home with little bleeding. After she arrived at emergency department, nurse discovered she got a wound in the left heel but she didn’t feel pain, nurses suspected she got the wound during she fell in the floor. Her vital sign was normal; body temperature was37.5C, pulse 70/min, blood pressure 126/80 mmHg, respiration 18/min. After having a blood glucose test, we knew that she was suffering from hypoglycemia and her blood glucose index was 2 mmol/d. As nurse provided glucose water and wound dressing to her, she recovered and transferred to ward for continuing observation. Her past history was that she was suffering diabetic mellitus for 7 years and having regular oral diabetic mellitus medication without daily blood glucose test by herself and her BMI was over 25, she was overweighed. Her parents had diabetic mellitus too but they passed away. After tackling her emergency problem which is lower blood glucose level, we will focus on the further investigation in order to find out the reason why she don’t get any feeling of her wound as well as to investigate how the sensation change and what is the possible outcome so as to give some recommendations to her and prevent the serious consequences. As early detection and treatment of diabetic foot complication could reduce the prevalence of negative outcome. (Prakash, 2011) In the following part, we will focus on the foot assessment. For foot assessment Foot assessments include the following aspects such as demographics, musculoskeletal system, neurologic system, peripheral vascular system and skin. Assessments will though inspection, palpation, sensation and using tools so as to obtain the result. For demographics To obtain data from interview, it includes regarding type of diabetes, gender, any smoking habit, presence of hypertension, retinopathy, nephropathy and suitability of footwear. (Thompson, Nester, Stuart Wiles, 2004) For musculoskeletal system Assessment includes postures, gait, strength, flexibility, endurance and range of motion. It includes evaluation for any deformity because imbalance of foot muscles frequently. (Khanolkar, Bain Stephens, 2008) Other muscles problems like claw toes, hammer toes, heel spurs, calluses, cracks and corns. (Chan, Yeung, Chow, Ko, Cockram Chan, 2005) The website shows how to have the musculoskeletal assessment to the patient. (BJSM, 2008) Inspection and palpation can be applied into this assessment, note the size and contour of the joint which is including knee and ankle, inspect the skin and tissue of the foot for color, swelling and any masses, any lesion or deformity, pay attention of the skin integrity. Palpation is including skin for temperature, muscles, bony articulations and area of joint capsule, notice any heat, tenderness, swelling. The most important is to palpate radial and brachial pulse. If the peripheral pulse is weak, we need to have a further assessment. Neurologic system Assessment should include asking neuropathic symptoms such as burning, tingling, numbness and nocturnal leg pains. Assessment related to sensory assessment, pressure assessment, and vibration sensation too. For sensation Pinprick sensation test is used to test pain. Lightly apply the sharp point or dull end to the foot skin randomly, unpredictable order and ask the patient to say sharp or dull depending on the sensation felt. If the result of pinprick sensation test is abnormal, temperature sensation test will be applied. Fill two test tubes, one with hot water and one with cold water and apply the bottom ends to the patient’s skin randomly and ask them to say which temperature is felt. Another method to test sensation is light touch. Apply a wisp of cotton to the skin, stretch a cotton ball to make a long end and brush it over the skin in a random order and irregular intervals and ask the patient to say yes when touch is felt. (Jarvis, 2004) Pressure sensation is usually assessed by using the10gnylon Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. (Khanolkar, Bain Stephens, 2008) For vibration Tuning fork can be used to test vibrations over bony prominences. Strike the tuning fork on the heel of your hand and hold the base on a bony surface of the fingers and great toe and ask the patient to indicate when the vibration starts and stops. If no vibrations are felt, move proximally and test ulnar processes and ankles, patellae. Also compare the vibration of both sides. (Jarvis, 2004) For peripheral vascular system The Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope is a device to detect a weak peripheral pulse and to measure a low blood pressure or blood pressure in a lower extremity. The Doppler stethoscope magnifies pulsatile sounds from the heart and blood vessels. Place a drop of coupling gel on the end of the handheld transducer. Place the transducer over a pulse site, swiveled at a 45-degree angle. Apply very light pressure and locate the pulse site by the swishing, whooshing sound. (Jarvis, 2004) Nurses should apply both Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope and ankle-brachial index. The Ankle-brachial Index is to apply a regular arm blood pressure cuff above the ankle and determine the systolic pressure in either the posterior tibial or dorsalis pedis artery. Then divide that figure by the systolic pressure of the brachial artery. The normal ankle pressure is slightly greater than or equal to the brachial pressure. However, the ankle-brachial index may be less reliable because of calcification which makes their arteries non-compressible and may give a falsely high measurement. (Jarvis, 2004) Skin assessment If patient have wound or skin impair, nurses should do wound assessment to record the size and the characteristic such as redness, edema, pain and heat. It is used to follow the wound healing progress. If necessary, nurses may have a bacteria test to confirm either the wound have microbe or not. (Worley, 2006) The outcome of having foot assessment The assessment findings can be used to indicate or predict the problems of their diabetic foot. The most positive outcome is no diagnostic findings. It is including integrated skin with normal sensation. However, other possible findings are neuropathy, ischemia, ulceration, infection and necrosis. The most serious alive consequence is amputation. Outcome of musculoskeletal syste The possible finding of musculoskeletal system is foot deformity. Deformity should be recognized early and accommodated in properly fitting shoes before ulceration occurs. If nurses assess the footwear, the chance of foot deformity will be reduced. Deformities include the Charcot foot which refers to bone and joint destruction that occurs in the neuropathic foot. Early diagnosis is important to prevent severe deformity. The foot presents with unilateral erythema, warmth and edema. (Edmonds, 2008) Outcome of neurologic assessment The outcome of neurologic assessment is either absent of sensory neuropathy or not. If patient loss of sensory neuropathy, they cannot sense pain or pressure and has a lack of identity with their feet. Also, motor neuropathy where muscular loss results in the clawed toes, high arch, foot drop and an absent ankle reflex. Due to absence of sweat and sebum production of autonomic neuropathy, the skin is dry and inelastic. In addition, pressure sensation test can be further confirmed their pain sensation is true or not. If patient can feel the pressure from the filament, the protective pain sensation is present. It is important to avoid areas of callus when carrying out this procedure as applying the filament to a plaque of callus may lead to a false diagnosis of neuropathy being recorded. (American Diabetes Association, 2010) Outcome of peripheral vascular assessment The outcome of Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope is to indicate the presence of peripheral vascular disease though listen the pulse qualities. The normal range of ankle-brachial index is 1.0 to 1.2. If the ankle-brachial index is of 90% or less, it indicates the presence of peripheral vascular disease. If the index is 0.9 to 0.7, it indicates a mild claudication, 0.7 to 0.4 indicates moderate to severe claudication, and 0.4-0.3 indicates severe claudication usually with rest pain except in the presence of diabetic neuropathy. The most serious outcome of this assessment is the index less than 0.3; it is diagnosing ischemia with impending loss of tissue. (Jarvis, 2004) Ischemia or peripheral arterial occlusive disease is the possible outcome too. It eventually will reduce in arterial perfusion severely and result in vascular compromise of the skin, often precipitated by a major trauma. Also ischemia is always associated with neuropathy. (Wilson, 2003) Infection process is the main reason for major amputation following ulceration. It can complicate the neuropathic and the neuro-ischemia foot ulcer. As infection originate from skin trauma or ulceration, often spreading to soft tissue then bone. Associated with neuropathy or ischemia, mean infection is often missed because of an absence of pain or loss of ability to mount an inflammatory response. Also there is no increase in temperature, white blood cell count and C reactive protein. (Wilson, 2003) Outcome of skin assessment The most positive skin assessment outcome is integrated skin and no wound. However, if diabetic patient have wound, healing is usually protracted. It is because patients with neuropathy continually traumatize their foot wounds by walking freely upon them. It is difficult to tell patient to take rest when they don’t feel pain during walking. Also patients with ischemia cannot mount an adequate inflammatory response to fight infection and achieve healing. Another reason is related to the healing process. Macrophages and neutrophils are important agents in wound healing, particularly at the inflammatory stage which is fundamental to all ensuing stages. However, the above function of diabetic is impaired. Thus the wound will hard to heal. If the wound decay, it will become foot ulceration. (Bentley Foster, 2007) Necrosis is a grave implication that diagnosis necrotic foot, threatening the loss of the lumbs, and is caused by infection or ischemia or both. It is classified as either wet or dry, each with its specific management. If it is in the neuropathic foot, necrosis is invariably wet initially and is nearly always due to a septic arteritis secondary to soft tissue infection complicating a digital or metatarsal ulcer. The arterial lumen is often occluded by a septic thrombus. Both wet and dry necrosis can occur in the neuroischemic foot. The common cause of a black toe is again septic arteritis, exacerbated by large vessel disease in the leg. Dry necrosis can also develop in the neuroischemic foot and is secondary to a severe reduction in arterial perfusion. (Edmonds, 2008) For Amputation The combined impact of neuropathy, ischemia and infection are so great that is amputation. It is preceded by foot ulceration and infection. It is because diabetic related to an artery disease which reduces blood flow to the feet. If the blood flow reduces, the healing process will be slowly. Even with preventative care and prompt treatment of infection and complications, there are instances when amputation is necessary to remove infected tissue in order to save a limb or even save a life. (Wilson, 2003) If missing the above assessment, nurses cannot diagnosis the problem of this patient. The most serious consequence will be happened. Conclusion Diabetic foot assessment indicates lots of different outcomes. Patient with diabetic should not look down upon their wound; it will be have a serious consequence which is amputation. In order to have a quality of life, an impaired skin’ diabetic patient must need the further foot assessment so as to prevent the negative outcome. Reference American Diabetes Association. (2010). Foot Complications. Retrieved Mar 23, 2011, from http:// www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/foot- complications.html Bentley, J., Foster, Ali. (2007). Multidisciplinary management of the diabetic foot ulcer. Wound Care, S6, S8, S10, S12. BJSM. (2008). Knee Exam (5 of 27): Neurovascular evaluation: supine. Retrieved Mar 23, 2011, from youtube.com/user/BJSMVideos#p/u/38/xe W7dwcBZCI Chan, C. N. J., Yeung, T. F. V., Chow, C. C., Ko, T. C. G., Cockram, C. S., Chan, N. N. (2005). A manual for management of diabetes mellitus a Hong Kong Chinese perspective (revised ed.). Hong Kong: TheChineseUniversity ofHong Kong. Edmonds, M. (2008). A natural history and framework for managing diabetic foot ulcers. British Journal of Nursing, 17(11), S20, S22, S24, S25-S29. Jarvis, C. (2004). Physical Examination Health Assessment (4th ed.).Philadelphia:Elsevier Khanolkar, M. P., Bain, S. C., Stephens, J. W. (2008). The diabetic foot. Q J Med, 101, 685-695. Prakash, S. (2011). Early Screening to Cure from Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved March 23, 2011, from http://topnews.us/content/237118-early-screening-cure-type-2 -diabetes Thompson, L., Nester, C., Stuart, L., Wiles, P. (2004). Interclinician variation in diabetes foot assessment- a national lottery?. Diabetic Medicine, 22, 196-199. Wilson, D. J. (2003). Amputation and the diabetic foot: learning from a case study. Wound Care, S18, S20, S22, S24. Worley, C. A. (2006). Neuropathic Ulcers: Diabetes and Wounds, PartI.Etiology and Assessment. Dermatology Nursing, 18(1), 52-53.

National Health expenditures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Health expenditures - Assignment Example Similarly, the net cost of health insurance steadily rose from $2.6 billion in 1970 to $210.6 in 2013.Furthermore, the government expenditure on public health activities $1.4 billion in the year 1970 (CMS, 2007). Based on the National Health Expenditure figures, the value also increased to $75.4 billion by 2013.In addition, the Federal government has also increased its allocation in making the investment in the health sector. In 1970, the Federal government spent $7.8 billion in health investment. In 2013, a staggering $164.6 billion was allocated towards making new investments in the health sector (CMS, 2007). The percentage of GDP spent on NHE has been fluctuating from time to time. In some instance, the percentage change in GDP was negative and in some cases it was positive. In the year 1991, the percentage of GDP reduced sharply with a margin of -8%. In 2009, the percentage increase in GDP was the highest reaching the mark of 5.8% (Hennessy et al., 2007). According to the figures presented above, the analysis indicates that the government has been increasing funding for the purposing of improving quality health provision. One of the core mandates of the Federal government is to provide accessible medical care to its citizens. The federal government has ensured that it provides quality and available medical attention. Furthermore, the emergence of deadly diseases such as cancer that is most prevalent in most developed countries, the need to invest in medical care has been necessitated (CMS, 2010). The prices of medical care coverage have been relatively affordable. Affordability of care services has been made possible with the Federal government commitment to invest in the public health sector. Since the government expenditure in medical investment, medical services have been made affordable. The Federal government has promoted the creation of new national hospitals in a bid to ensure there is the accessibility of medical

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Coursework

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - Coursework Example Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is a cluster of signs and symptoms that are not naturally found in the body but develop over a span of time due to a weakened immune system. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS develops as a result of the chronic infestation of the human body with HIV and is usually discovered with the development of advanced symptoms. Discovered in the 1980s, AIDS was considered a disease manifested solely due to homosexual activities in the world. However, since 1981, several discoveries have been made regarding the modes of transmission of the virus and how to prevent them. Nonetheless, AIDS continues to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, as it results in not only physical anguish but also social seclusion. Thus, it is necessary to know about the method and modes of transmission of this disease so as to take appropriate preventive measures. The presence of HIV is usually diagnosed in a patient based on the clinical signs and symptoms that are presented to a medical practitioner. The diagnosis can be confirmed on the basis of laboratory tests such as testing for antigens of the virus or antibodies in the blood against it. However, since laboratory tests are not available in certain remote areas of the world where AIDS is prevalent, medical practitioners rely on the clinical signs and symptoms that the patients present. Since AIDS is a syndrome, the signs and symptoms presented by patients who suffer from it tend to differ.

Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology Essay

Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology Essay It is important to understand the profile of a typical fraudster, by type of fraud he/she has committed, in order to control and detect a fraud. In case of an asset fraud, the person is generally someone who was not suspected, oftentimes least suspected. The profile of white-collar criminals is very different from blue-collar criminals, or street criminals. This statement makes fraud even more difficult to inhibit or identify. Who Commits Fraud? According to the principles mentioned above, one might conclude that fraud is caused mainly by factors external to the individual that include financial, economic, social, and political factors, and poor controls. But, what about the individuals? Are some people more inclined to to commit fraud than others? And if so, is that a more serious cause of fraud than the external and internal environmental aspects as discussed earlier? Data obtained from criminology and sociology gives the same impression. Start by making a broad view about people: Some individuals are honest all the time. Some individuals are deceitful all the time. Most individuals are honest some of the time. Some individuals are honest most of the time. A study was conducted to ask employees whether they are honest at work. Forty percent said they would not steal, 30 percent said they would, and 30 percent said they might. A part from those overviews about people, what can one say about fraud committers? About Lying, Cheating and Stealing, Gwynn Nettler, suggestions these understandings on cheaters and deceivers: People who have experienced failure are prone to cheat. People who are not liked and who hate themselves are more likely to be more deceitful. People who are thoughtless, capable of being distracted and unable to delay fulfilments are more likely to involve in deceitful crimes. People who have a sense of right and wrong (fear of anxiety and punishment; that is, awareness of disclosure) are more resistant to commit a crime. Intelligent people are more likely to be honest than uneducated people. Middle and elite-class people tend to be more honest than lower-class people. The easier it is to fraud and cheat, the more people will do so. Individuals have different needs and levels at which they will be adequately driven to lie, cheat, or steal. Lying, cheating, and theft increase when people are under stress to attain important objectives. The struggle to survive leads to deceit. Individuals lie, steal and cheat on the job in a variety of individual and administrative situations. The ways that are followed are: Personal variables Skills/abilities Attitudes/favourites Personal requirements/needs Morals/principles Organizational variables Type/scope of the job (meaningful work) Preparation/training provided Credit/acknowledgment system Significance of administration and management Clarity of duties Clarity of job-related objectives Interactive trust Motivational and moral environment (ethics and values of superiors and co-workers) External variables Amount of competition in the industry General financial conditions Social values (ethics of challengers and of social and political role models) The question rises; Why Do Workers Lie, Steal and Cheat on the Work? There are 25 reasons behind employee crimes that are looked by authorities in white-collar crime (criminologists, sociologists, psychologists, auditors, risk managers, police, and security experts): The employee believes he can escape from it. The employee thinks he/she badly needs or desires the money or articles that are stolen. The employee feels unsatisfied or disappointed about some part of the job. The employee feels upset or unhappy about some aspect of his personal life that is not related to job. The employee feels mistreated by the employer and wants to get even. The employee fails to think through the penalties of being caught. The employee thinks: everybody else cheats, so why not me? The employee thinks: theyre so big, stealing a little bit wont damage them. The employee doesnt know how to manage his/her own income so is always penniless and ready to steal. The employee feels that defeating the organization is a contest and experiment and not a matter of financial advantage alone. The employee was economically, socially, or traditionally deprived during childhood. The employee is compensating for an emptiness felt in his personal life and needs love, care, and friendship. The employee has no willpower and steals out of an impulse. The employee believes a friend at work has been subjected to embarrassment or misuse or has been treated unethically. The employee is just simply lethargic and will not work hard to earn enough to buy what he/she desires or needs. The organizations internal controls are so relaxed that everyone is attracted to steal. No one has ever been put on trial for stealing from the organization. Most employee thieves are caught by coincidence rather than by audit or design. Therefore, fright of being caught is not a warning to theft. Employees are not encouraged to discuss personal or financial problems at work or to seek managements advice and guidance on such matters. Employee stealing is a situational phenomenon. Each theft has its own former situations, and each thief has his/her own purposes. Employees steal for any reason the human mind and thoughts can call up. Employees never go to jail or get strict prison punishments for stealing, deceiving, or cheating from their employers. Human beings are weak and susceptible to to sin. Employees nowadays are morally, ethically, and mentally ruined and bankrupt. Employees tend to follow their superiors. If their superiors steal or cheat, then they are most likely to do the same. Laws must be sensible, fair in application and applied quickly and efficiently to be respected and obeyed. Company strategies that relate to employee honesty, like criminal laws in general must be sensible, reasonable, and projected to serve the companys best economic interests. The test of reasonableness for any company fraud policy is whether its terms are understandable, whether its punishments or preventions are appropriate to a real and serious matter, and whether its application is possible in a well-organized and legally effective way. But what particular employee actions are serious enough to be banned and/or punished? Any act that could or does result in significant loss, damage, or destruction of company assets should be forbidden. What is acceptable or considered significant will vary by organization, but wherever the limitations are defined, they must be well conversed, demonstrated by upper management, and applied as essential. The greatest warning to criminal conduct is a guaranteed and impartial justice; that means immediate detection and uneasiness, a quick and fair trial, and punishment according to the crime: loss of civil rights, honours, property, individual freedom, or societal approval. Having said all that, why is it that, regardless of the terrible consequences of criminal conduct, it still happens? Obviously, it is because the rewards obtained frequently go beyond the risk of uneasiness and punishment; that is, the troubles caused by punishment are not as severe as the pleasures of criminal conduct. The latter seems to be mainly true in cases of financial or white-collar crimes. Many times, when a fraud is noticed, the extent of punishment and penalty of the crime is sometimes without even paying back the fraud damages. So while prospective white collar criminals may believe they might get trapped, but still the consequences are below the satisfaction which they get by committing the crime. High-Level and Low-Level Thieves At high levels of administrative life, it is easy to steal because controls can be avoided or bypassed. The amounts that high-level managers steal, therefore, is likely to be greater than the amounts low-level employees steal. For example, according to the 2008 ACFE (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners) RTTN, executives average about  £834,000 per fraud, managers about  £150,000, and employees about  £70,000. The number of events of theft, however, is greater at low levels of administrations because of the large number of employees found there. The ACFE RTTN has gathered a profile of fraudsters based on the information collected from CFEs (Certified Fraud Examiner) in its assessments. The more expensive frauds, in terms of cost or losses, are committed by fraudsters who (a) have been working with the company for a long time, (b) receive a high earnings, (c) are males, (d) are above 60 years of age, (e) are well educated (the higher the educational degree completed, the higher the damages), (f) work in groups rather than alone, and (g) have never been accused with anything criminal. The most common frauds, however, are done by fraudsters with a different profile. These fraudsters (a) have been a worker for about the same amount of time as the high-level thieves, (b) earn much less, (c) could be either male or female (sex doesnt matter), (d) are between the ages of 41 and 50, (e) have completed high school, (f) work alone, (g) and have generally not been charged with any criminal conduct. Hall and Singleton provide a similar profile for a usual fraudster in general. These criminals are (a) in an important position in the company, (b) are usually male, (c) are over 50 years old, (d) are married, and (e) are well educated. This profile is similar to the one from the ACFE RTTN, and leads us to this general conclusion: A white-collar criminal does not look like a criminal! Who Is Victimised By Fraud Most Often? Measures to protect against fraud by either organization insiders or outside dealers, suppliers, and contractors must be sufficient; that is, they must achieve the goal of control-cost-feasible protection of assets against damage, loss, or destruction. Cost-feasible protection means minimal expenses for full protection. Generating an organizational police state would be too much control. A sensible viewpoint on controls and countermeasures is the best, and may require involving staffs in creating control policies, plans, and procedures. A well-adjusted viewpoint considers the costs and benefits of the proposed new controls while developing a trusting culture that includes loyalty and honesty. A distrusting culture is often associated with frauds. However, complete trust with no answerability is the main cause of fraud. Fraud is therefore most widespread in organizations that have no controls, no trust, no ethical values, no profits, and no prospect. Similarly, the more these situations exist, the higher the risk of fraud. Observed evidence shows that the most common factor in all frauds committed is the lack of setting apart of duties with no compensating control- a situation commonly presents in small business units. Small businesses and establishments (e.g., charities) have a higher risk of fraud than any other size business, because they are more likely to have one accountant, no isolation of duties, and no compensating control, and those factors are the most common in fraud. Start with the amusing hypothesis that most people are honest. Its a nice way to look at the world, and it recalls childhood memories about learning that honesty is the best policy and George Washington telling his father, I cannot tell a lie. Unhappy to say, human past and human nature tell a different story, and so do the statistics that study them. While most societies clearly dislike violent crime and physical harm, many societies hold financial fraud, whatever its scale, as a less disgraceful offense. Charles Ponzi, creator of the Ponzi scheme, was famous in some regions as a folk hero and praised by many of the people he helped. Investors and executives, whose frauds can upset thousands or tens of thousands of lives, have historically been punished with comparatively light punishments or serve their time at a low-security federal tennis camp. Some scholars have called this attitude toward white-collar crime a falsification of our general societal admiration for intelligence. During much of the past century, psychologists and sociologists worked hard to understand the inner workings of people who commit white-collar crime. Edwin Sutherlands White Collar Crime, the most significant work in the field argued in 1939 that an individuals personality has no relevance to a tendency to commit such crimes. Somewhat, he said, economic crimes create from the situations and social bonds within an organization, not from the biological and psychological features of the individual. Sutherland also made the useful and obvious, observation that criminality is not limited to the lower classes and to social misfits but spreads out, particularly where financial fraud is concerned, to upper-class, socially well-adjusted people. Over the many decades since White Collar Crime was published, convincing studies have concluded that two aspects should be kept in mind while analysing the psychology and personality of the fraudster: The natural abilities of an individual, which differ widely and influence behaviour, including social behaviour The social abilities that are derived from people and in turn shape how the individual deals with other people From these studies of psychology, two common forms of financial fraudster have been noted: Calculating criminals who want to compete and to affirm themselves Situation-dependent criminals who are anxious to protect themselves, their families, or their businesses from a disaster Since these studies were published, a third form of criminal has appeared out of disastrous business failures and humiliations. We will call them power brokers. Calculating Criminals Calculating criminals are hunters. They tend to be repeat criminal acts, they have higher-than-average intellect, and theyre relatively well educated. They typically start their careers in crime later in life than other criminals. These hunters are generally motivated to risk taking-no surprise there-and they lack feelings of anxiety and sympathy. A correlated view, somewhat different in its prominence, was offered in a 1993 study of Wall Streets insider-trading scandals by a team of psychologists who proposed that individuals eager to commit such crimes had an external locus of control-that is, they do not have inner direction, self-confidence, and self-respect and were driven by their desire to fit in and be accepted. Additionally, the study found that they describe success by others standards. Situation-Dependent Criminals But the main bulk of corporate criminals are not hunters at all. They are situation-dependent offenders: apparently ordinary people who commit crimes without the intending to harm others. This is significant in understanding white-collar crime, because nearly all news reporting and much of the scholarly literature in the area focuses on shocking, highly publicized, and largely a typical cases and ignores the more common and ordinary criminals and offenses that account for most white-collar crimes. Typical White-Collar Criminal Older (30+ years) 55% male, 45% female Appeared to be from a stable family Above-average (postgraduate) education Less likely to have criminal record Good mental health Position of trust Comprehensive and full knowledge of accounting systems and their weaknesses Previous accounting experience Source: ACFE At the start of an investigation, the forensic accounting investigator often sits down with the client and examines the organizational chart. The forensic accounting investigator and the client talk about each employee one by one, about each employees work, and about what is known of the lifestyle of each. What about Amanda? the forensic accounting investigator might say, pointing to an employee on the chart. No, it could not be Amanda. She has been with us for 20 years, the client responds. She is always helping others with their duties. She is nice and rarely takes time off. My wife and I have been to her home. Our sons are on the same football team. The client may believe that what he knows, or thinks he knows, about Amandas character and removes her from the list of suspects of fraud. In fact, an experienced forensic accounting investigator will understand that Amanda fits the profile of a white-collar criminal. This is not to propose that all nice people are criminals but, rathe r, that most white-collar criminals give the appearance of being nice people, thereby fitting the exact profile of Amanda. Power Brokers Many of todays highly placed corporate criminals show features of each of the previous two categories, but they are different enough in their methods and motives to possess a category all their own: power brokers. Like many of us, you have read about their excesses and asked yourself how respected business leaders could have been so fooled as to believe that they could grab the financial and human resources of their companies to line their own pockets and deceive a wide range of investors, including their own employees. Are the U.S. corporate leaders now facing criminal charges, which began their careers with the intention of creating a company that would enrich themselves while finally destroying the dreams and plans of thousands of innocent victims- are employees and investors alike? Were all of them hunters? Probably not. But a combination of hunter characteristics and the circumstances of their positions led them to commit financial crimes. Fraudsters Do Not Intend To Harm Generally speaking, situation-dependent criminals carry out their frauds with no purpose to harm any one. A high-ranking executive of Westinghouse Electric Co. who was accused of price-fixing in 1961 was asked whether he thought his behaviour was illegal. He responded: Illegal? Yes, but not criminal. Criminal action means hurting someone and we did not do that. It is critical to an understanding of the psychology of such people to accept this key point: most of them carry out their frauds with no intention of doing harm, and they believe-they are able to convince themselves-that what theyre doing is not wrong. These people may even convince themselves that what theyre doing is for the good of the company and everyone associated with it, including employees, investors, creditors, and other constituencies. Or they may believe that they deserve the spoils they seize because they rationalize their crimes as immaterial, innocent, or deserved-but not wrong. In most cases, they start small, but with time as the fraud grows in size, usually encompassing more than one scheme. Kinds of Rationalization In many admission-seeking interviews, suspects confess to their crimes, but rarely do they say, I stole the money. Instead, they bring up their rationalization for the crime. Such rationalizations can be of many kinds: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It was a loan, and I had every intention of paying it back. See (pulling out a spreadsheet), I kept track of all my loans so that I could pay it all back one day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ That accounting rule is confusing and subjective. Accounting for the transactions in the manner I chose is entirely acceptable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ My boss has been cheating on his taxes for years. Im just getting my share. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Everyone in this industry takes kickbacks. Im sure my employer is aware of it, and thats why they dont pay me very much. They expect me to supplement my income with gifts from our suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Im the hardest-working employee here, and I know my boss would give me a substantial raise if he could do it without other people knowing. Instead, I take a little bit, but Im actually saving the company money because only I get the raise.' à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What do you expect me to do? You give me no health insurance coverage, and I need to provide for my children and my parents. They depend on me, and I cant let them down. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are a lot of good people here. If I didnt make up a few entries to give the appearance to corporate that we were making budgeted income, they would close our division and put 50 people out of work. I did it to save their jobs. In sum, rationalization enables a person to take that final step toward crime. Motivations for Fraud à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..In a 2001 article, The Psychology of Fraud, the authors noted that fraud, like other crime, can best be explained by three factors: a supply of motivated offenders, the availability of suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians-control systems or someone to mind the store. Financial motivators obviously have a big impact on the cause of financial crime. These can range from an employee with an inability to pay her domestic bills to a senior executive under financial strain because he knows that market factors have adversely affected the business and analysts will be watching the latest results with eagerness. In this case, the strain may go beyond pure financial impact, but also to stature and reputation. Take the recent case of Computer Associates and its former CEO, Sanjay Kumar, and two other company executives. The governments indictment noted, Computer Associates prematurely recognized $2.2 b illion in revenue in FY 2000 and FY 2001 and more than $1.1 billion in premature revenue in prior quarters. The government also noted that the SEC alleges that from 1998 to 2000, Computer Associates routinely kept its books open to record revenue from contracts executed after the quarter ended in order to meet Wall Street quarterly earnings estimates. Computer Associates agreed to settlements with the SEC and the Justice Department to the tune of $225 million and agreed to reform its financial accounting controls. Some theorists have taken a big-picture approach and argued that white collar crime is the inevitable outcome of the competitive ethic of capitalism. According to this theory, competition is the field on which egotism and recklessness can have full play. We are constantly bombarded by images of the wealth and success that can be achieved through winning in the great experiment in social Darwinism in which we live. The inevitable result of such competition is the recognition of the economic inequality of winners and losers, which can be internalized as the constant fear of failing. This discontent may be sufficient to make a person see white-collar crime as the great equalizing act. The drive for money and the trappings of success are, therefore, the motivators of the act. The situation in which the potential white-collar offender finds him- or herself plays a most significant role in determining whether a crime will be committed. The corporate culture lived daily at the workplace can often create enormous pressures to commit criminal acts. Examples are common in the famous cases of price-fixing, bribery, and manufacture of dangerous products that occurred throughout the last century. A corrupt corporate culture can lead to the inversion of all values. Loyalty can easily slip into complicity. Criminal behaviour becomes normal. Team-playing becomes conspiracy. Fear of dismissal, ostracism, or losing the favour of superiors can be compelling forces in the world of a department or small company. In such an atmosphere, one learns criminal behaviour in association with those who define such behaviour favourably, as Sutherland contended. These acts cannot be explained by a personal history of instability and deviance since stability and conformity are the principal characteristics of these criminals lives. Even while committing the crimes, white-collar offenders are able to lead their conventional lives, which are, indeed, their camouflage. Their conventionality and stability are the foundation of the trustworthiness that gives them the opportunity to commit the crime in the first place. It is this life of conventionality that gives the criminal act the character of an aberration. It is, however, the white-collar criminals power of rationalization that is one of the most amazing aspects of their behaviour. They are able to behave normally and aberrantly at the same time without feeling conflict. This behaviour is possible through the use of techniques of neutralization. These are acts of mental deftness that allow persons to violate behavioural norms without simultaneously seeing themselves as deviant or criminal. Such self exculpating explanations can occur both before and after the commission of a criminal act. The most common rationalization noted several times already in this unit is that financial crimes do not hurt other people. Embezzlers commonly tell themselves they are merely borrowing the money and intend to return it later without anyone else being affected. Many embezzlers justify it because they had to do it to pay mounting family bills. Everybodys doing it is frequently heard as an argument for systematic wrongful company behaviour. Corporate offenders often consider laws as an unjust or unnecessary form of government interference disrupting free market forces. They may even argue that breaking the law was necessary for the survival of the company. Employees frequently offer a moral justification for their thefts with the argument that their employer owed them the money. Fraud simply expressed their grievance. For example, they feel exploited and underpaid or hurt after receiving a smaller-than-expected bonus. Many feel justified after being passed over for promotion; others feel they can do the job just as well as, if not better than, the person with the higher education. Personal antipathies, anger after a reprimand from the boss, and the like can all be self-serving explanations for fraud. In rare cases, mental illness can drive a person to commit fraud through a wish to damage the company. Others can be motivated by pure egotism; they commit fraud just to show how smart they are. Yet others are driven by anti capitalist ideologies and think they are destroying the system from within. Auditors Need to Understand the Mind of the Fraudster In the introduction to Why Smart People Do Dumb Things, Mortimer Feinberg and John J. Tarrant begin: If you are of above average intelligence-and if you have mastered the use of high intelligence to solve problems and achieve goals-it is the premise of this book that you are at risk [of perpetrating a fraud] because of the strength of your cognitive equipment. The book recounts tale after tale of successful professionals and politicians who did something dumb and ruined their lives. It is also a book that can help auditors understand the mind of the white-collar criminal. Because auditors, within the time at their disposal, cannot verify every transaction, they must make assumptions based on audit evidence gathered until the point of the decision. The more auditors understand about why criminals do what they do, the better prepared they may be to determine the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures relative to the risks identified during the planning stage and modified, as may be warranted, on the basis of the audit evidence found. Professional skepticism is the attitude that must drive the financial statement audit. If we lived in a perfect world in which no one made mistakes, or lied, or cheated, or stole, audits would be unnecessary. But we dont, and so audits are required. Even with effective auditing, at the end of every audit and forensic accounting investigation, uncertainty will remain. As auditors continue to focus on the fact that smart people do dumb things and on the conditions under which white-collar criminals may act, auditors may be able to better select transactions worthy of expanded testing and know also how to evaluate the results of those tests. The so-called fraud triangle, offers three conditions that tend to be present when frauds occur: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incentive or pressure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Opportunity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rationalization and attitude Conclusion As auditors focus on the number of people they encounter in the course of an audit, they would probably agree that a great many of those people would no doubt have opportunities to commit fraud. How many others also have the undisclosed incentive and ability to rationalize that are demonstrably part of the fraud triangle? There is no easy way to judge this. In the design of controls to prevent financial crime and in the performance of audit procedures, it is important to keep in mind the expression, Locks on doors keep out honest people. Predators, as noted earlier, have a good chance of circumventing most of the controls a company puts in place. Fraud deterrence and detection controls are designed, theoretically, to stop everyone else, but they wont, because it is unrealistic to expect controls that can be designed to stop everyone. Collusion, for example, may well defeat a well-designed control and may not be detected in a timely manner by individuals performing daily control activities. The best fraud deterrence mechanism is simple: create the expectation in your organization that wrongdoers will be caught and that punishment will be swift and commensurate with the offense. The emphasis on expectation is important. It can be brought about in a number of ways. Effective training and education on the importance of ethical conduct, background checks on all employees, regular fraud audits by forensic accounting investigators, and a strong internal control system are among the means. To create that perception, employees must also be well aware that their activities are being monitored, and all employees with access to financial assets and transactions must have a healthy respect for the robustness of the control system. If employees believe they will be caught and punished for wrongdoing, that belief may be enough to keep them from adding rationalization to incentive and opportunity.

RAINFORESTS Essay -- Essays Papers

RAINFORESTS What are the Rain forests? A rain forest can be merely defined as a evergreen forest inhabiting a tropical region, filled with a wide variety of plants and animals, with an annual rainfall of at least 2.5 meters. Simply speaking, they are the richest, oldest, most productive ecosystems on earth. An ecosystem is a living community together with its environment, together both functioning as a unit. Biologist, Norman Myers, states "rainforests are the finest celebration of nature ever known to the planet" (1). There are three main types of rainforests; temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical. Most of the rain forests still left in the world today are tropical. Tropical rain forests cover less then 6% of the earth, yet they contain half of the world’s species. As a matter of fact, rain forests support 90,000 of the 250,000 identifies plant species. A tropical rain forest has three layers: the canopy (treetops), the understory (young trees, ferns, shrubs), and the forest floor. Rain forests have been known as the "womb of life" (1) because they are home to so many species. Temperate (much younger, and more full of nutrients, located along Canada and the United States, among others) and sub-tropical rain forests also contain many ranges of animals (monkeys, birds, snakes, jaguars), however they are not as different. Regardless, the rain forests possess an array of foliage and fauna. Tropical rain forests lie near the equator, which means the temperature is extremely hot, above eighty degrees year round, and the climate is extremely wet. Rainforests cover about two percent of the earth’s surface, or six percent of it’s land mass, and yet they are the primary shelter for over half of the plant and animal species on earth.... ... happening outside our hometown. Remember that this is the future for our generation. We CAN stop the destruction, however that is only is we try to make a difference and spread the word among others. Get involved. People of the Tropical Rain forest. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Hosansky, David. "Saving the Rain forests." The CQ Researcher (1999): pgs. 497-99. Tropical Rain Forests. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988. The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1984. Rochman, Hazel. "Tropical Rain Forests/ Wetlands." Booklist (1999): pg. 440. Tangley, David. "Rain Forests for Profit." U.S. News and World Report (1998): pgs. 40-44. Tropical Rain Forests. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. Wright, Evelyn. "Giving the Rain Forests a Break." Business Week (1999): pg. 51.

Luscious literary elements Essay

All well written stories are composed of specific elements that capture the reader’s imagination and thoughts. An author is usually identified by a definitive style, whether it be romance, historical, the use of suspense, and even biographical. Successful authors such as Washington Irving, use particular literary elements including a well thought out and instructive theme, characterization, and setting. These helped compose a story that would entertain and maintain the reader’s interest. In the story â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Irving focused upon an intuitive theme or insight about human life that is revealed in a literary piece. Irving’s ability to construct a creative setting or time and location in which a story takes place, allowed the readers ability to effectively focus upon the story. While the theme and setting played significant roles in maintaining the reader’s interest, his use of effective characterization or process by which the writer reve als the personality of a character, helped in obtaining the reader’s imagination through out the story. Irving’s ability to appeal to the reader’s senses effectively establishes the setting. Visual descriptions such as â€Å"when the weather is fair and settled they are clothed in blue and purple† and â€Å"small yellow bricks† allowed the reader to quickly visualize the setting. Irving’s use of emotive language, by introducing words such as â€Å"henpecked husband†, â€Å"squabbles†, and â€Å"evening gossiping†, allowed the reader to identify emotions and feel part of the story. The effective use of auditory senses added interest to the setting, such as â€Å"the birds were hopping and twittering through out the bushes† and â€Å"the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder†. The use of time and location played an important part of the waking of Rip Van Winkle, the author makes use of this to describe to the reader the changes that have occurred over the twenty-year span. The use of appealing sensory descriptions through out the story allowed the reader to become involved and stay connected to the setting and characters. Irving’s usage of characterization was certainly effective and powerful  through the story. Rip Van Winkle was described as a very likeable character that was willing to â€Å"assist any neighbor even in the roughest toil†, â€Å"but found it impossible to do his family duties and keep the farm in order†. He would help build stone fences, husk Indian corn, and run errands for the village women. However, on his own farm he declared, â€Å"it was no use of work†. Irving allowed the reader to view the differences of characters and the effects they had upon one another by placing two different personalities together. Rip had a happy disposition, unlike his wife who henpecked her husband and had a tart temper. By placing two very unlike characters together, it led to many disagreements and fights. By the end of the story the reader should have felt compassionate towards Rip due multiple situations he was placed in by the author. Irving introduces a theme and was able to maintain an interest from the beginning of the story to the end. Time doesn’t stand still for anyone or anything, and if one doesn’t take opportunity one is offered, it may be lost forever. Irving demonstrated this by the use of twenty-year span in which Rip falls asleep, and wakes to a whole different environment. Some of his long time friends have aged considerably and some have even died during this period. The author uses this to demonstrate how important it is to make use of the moment and not allow time to slip away. Washington Irving’s use of these elements created a very descriptive and enjoyable story to read. He effectively intertwined these elements together to maintain the reader’s focus and interest in the story. The use of a well thought out theme, detailed descriptive setting, and interesting contrast of characterization all effectively combined forming a classical tale.