Explore the Construction of Identiy in Hamlet and Beowulf Essay

Identity has been increasingly used to refer to the social and historical make-up of a person, disposition as a construct. Sometimes such identities ar conceived narrowly psychological, individualist terms, as the additive result of personal experience and family history This is seen particularly in Beowulf where all men ar referred to as their fathers sons. Family history was massively important in those times and men well oft well prize because of the heroic involvements their ancestors had done. Warriors also felt the need to reach the same level of notoriety. This is shown when we are first introduced to Beowulf. We are told about his father before rase k at one timeing his name In his day, my father was a illustrious man a noble warrior-lord named Ecgtheow Similarly in Shakespeares juncture, purely through and through learning of junctures lineage we discover he is the son of the king and this calculates an important part of his identity and the events throughout th e play.In most novels, plays and numberss, the identity of the protagonist changes the more we get to know the character the more that happens the more we think we know what they are like. This is the same for real life, when we first meet people we are often un trusted about their identity and personality, we usually learn more about them through their actions and associations. This is true for Beowulf because it is regulate in the third person we learn about him through what he does and what he says. A text edition be in third person batch also be useful the narrator can offer definite and universal truths about the character which can be especially useful as it is almost impossible for a writer to create a character that allow be interpreted the same way by e really person that reads it.Characters are read in different slipway throughout the generations and from culture to culture. It could therefore be argued that identity is not created through the author but by the rea ders. hamlet, being a play, has legion(predicate) long soliloquies where he reveals his inner thoughts to the audience in first person. In soliloquies the character usually asks a rhetorical gesture and then answers it this allows the audience to understand the characters emotions and motives, something especially important in settlement where some of his actions would be considered actually unconventional or deranged. This abets us to empathise with juncture and engage ourselves in the darn. O that this tootoo solid flesh would melt,Thaw, and conclude itself into a dewOr that the Everlasting had not fixdHis canon gainst self-slaughter O God O GodHow weary, stale, flat, and unprofitableThis is the beginning of Hamlets first soliloquy when he learns of his fathers death and his renders betrayal by marrying Claudius less than two months after his fathers death. He contemplates suicide to escape what he describes as a weary stale, flat and unprofitable orb and wishes it was not a sin against God. Not only does this soliloquy reveal his true feelings about his mother and Claudius, it shows us that he is religious which accounts for his delay in murdering the new King even under his stagnant fathers orders.The thoughts of other characters, not only the protagonist are important as they help to keep the play timeless. In Hamlet, murder is nothing ab practice, almost expected whereas now it is a very serious offence for anyone, including the monarchy. Not only that, but seeing a ghost is not sane behaviour for a 21st century reader, without the other characters seeing the ghost we would be unable to furcate between reality and Hamlets madness. Horatio talks to the ghost like it is a real thing Horatio Stay, speak, speak, I charge thee speak.It can be concluded that identity is how the characters act within the times in which they live in. Identity is therefore impossible to create without the concept of time and the context that the text was scripted in . Texts are sometimes altered to appeal more to certain audiences from different times and locations such as Hormone Imbalances Ophelia (1979), in which Ophelia is a lesbian and runs off with a woman consideration to join a guerrilla commune Curtiss obscenely funny The skinhead Hamlet (1982) and Jean Betts Ophelia thinks harder (1993), in which the heroine acts assertively while the hero dithers. This goes against the thesis that states identity is created by experience and implies that identity is assailable to time, location and the audience it is written for. It could also be argued that each of these different variations of Hamlet accommodate created a completely different identity in each text.Someones identity is not set(p) it changes over time as the character develops and often through self discovery or even (In the case of Hamlet) an identity crisis due to conflicted values and internal and external pressures. The shift in opinions and ideas of the character constructs a more complicated identity that is more difficult to label. Throughout the whole text, Beowulf has the same ambitions and desires to be a legendary warrior. Hamlet on the other hand discovers his morality and desires as he goes a long.This makes Hamlets identity much less solid and more complex. He is not a normal character in the sense that he goes against social norms his unorthodox approach to life and the truth room he is isolated and becomes a threat to those around him, specifically the new King. In the beginning of the play, Hamlet seems to have lost his identity he has lost his father (like Beowulf lineage was of great importance, especially being part of the monarchy), his status as heir to the throne is in jeopardy as Fortinbras plans to attack and his uncle is now his step father.Beowulf establishes his identity as a warrior and a hero by recounting his successful endeavoursThey had seen me bolstered in the blood of enemieswhen I battled and bound five beasts,raided a t roll-nest and in the night seaslaughtered sea-brutes. I have suffered extremesand avenged the Geats (their enemies brought it upon themselves, I devastated them). Beowulf is a warrior more by reputation than what he actually does throughout the date of the text. Although he defeats Grendel fairly quickly after being introduced to us, and after that Grendels mother, fifty years strangle without much detail of Beowulfs triumphs.The form of both texts has an impact on the identity of both Beowulf and Hamlet as individuals but also society as a whole in the two texts. Beowulf is an expansive poem which are traditionally used to recount heroic acts and important events in history. This gives the text an genuine feel as well as reflecting the culture of the times in which Beowulf lived in most stories were divided by word of mouth, often by song or poetry and not often documented. hands craved the notoriety and were willing to die in battle doachieve it.The unusualness of an epic po em also reflects complete difference of the world we live in where we not only have no warrior culture, people generally dont die for fame and monsters dont exist. Hamlet being a play is much more than just the text and was written to be performed instead of just read. Hamlets and every other characters identity is created not only through his choices and the things he says but how he says them and facial expressions/movement.For example Hamlets madness can be seen much easier through exaggerated actions than it can be through stage directions or obvious comments from other actors. disposition traits such as thoughtfulness, arrogance, insecurity and Claudius guilt can also be seen more clearly when performed on stage. Another complication of Hamlet being on stage is that every actor will play the part differently. Not only will age and clothing affect perceptions of identity, the way in which scenes are acted out will also change the character.One way of creating a complex identi ty is through giving the character a fatal stain. This is most prominent in Hamlet his fatal flaw is his indecisiveness to act on his fathers orders. Every event in the play jumper cable to Hamlets death and including every other death except that of his fathers was megabucks to his inability to make a decision to kill Claudius and act on it. Not only does his swing to kill Claudius in prayer expose his fatal flaw but if he had gone beforehand with the act then he could have been seen as evil and his identity would have changed dramatically, this adds to the argument that it is the plot and events in the text that construct the characters identity.Language also has an effect on emphasising certain aspects of a characters identity. For example the merry andrew clown is not necessarily the same as a clown in the 21st century, in Shakespearean times a clown was not a very important member of society in Hamlet creates a contrast and almost acts to remind us of Hamlets social sta tus and power. The clown also adds an element of humour to the scene which breaks up the tension and acts to emphasise Hamlets melancholic nature. HAMLET Heres another. Why whitethorn not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his quillets, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks?Why does he suffer thismad rapscallion now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty digger, and will not tell him of his action of barrage? Hum This fellow might be ins time a great vendee of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries. Is this the fine of his fines, and the recovery of his recoveries, to have his fine pate full of fine dirt? testament his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases, and double ones too, than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures?The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box, and must thinheritor himself have no more, ha? secernate language by using words together in this sol iloquy such as shovel and dirt with recognizances and conveyances demonstate his conflicting identity. The Ha? at the end also acts as a rhetorical question which marks a change on his views of wealth, power and death.In conclusion, although identity of a character has many contributing factors, the protagonists in both texts would have no identity at all without experiences that shaped their personality and traits throughout the text. Although language and form have an effect on identity, it is the plot that has the most impact on the character.

Vygotsky Learning Theory

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky developed a learning theory for development based on mavins subtlety in the 1920s and 1930s. Even without a psychological science background, he became fascinated by the subject. During his short life, he was influenced by the ample social and political inflammation of the Marxist Revolution. After his death in 1934, his cerebrations were rejected by the U. S. S. R. and only resurfaced after the Cold struggle ended in 1991. Vygotskys theory has exceedingly influenced education in Russia and in other countries. Lev Vygotsky was innate(p) in Orsha, Western Russia, which is now Belarus in 1896.Vygotsky was born into a typical middle-class Jewish family and grew up in a predominantly Jewish town of Gomel, roughly four hundred miles from Moscow (Kouzlin, 1990). He studied and graduated law from the University of Moscow on a Jewish scholarship. After graduation, he nimble his first research project in the psychology field in 1925 with The Psychology of Art, which was not produce until the 1960s. Some time later, he became a psychologist working with Alexandar Luria and Alexei Leontiev (Gallagher, 1999). Lev Vygotskys socioculture theory begs to answer the question What is culture and why is it important to a childs learning.Dr. Diane Bukatko, psychology professor, says culture is the many facets of the environment that valet de chambre have created and continue to produce. . . But even more importantly, culture includes language and the practices, values, and beliefs accumulated and communicated from one propagation to the next (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotskys theory places an emphasis on the learners culture. Vygotsky believed that the childs cognitive growth must be understood in the content of the culture in which he or she lives (Bukatko, 2004).That is to say, he believed that a child is shaped by his or her own culture. Vygotsky believed that the social activity with children, c aregivers, peers, and tutors snip in them the particu lar skills and abilities their cultural group values (Bukatko, 2004). This social activity is the backbone to his theory. Vygotsky had two important theories of cognitive development the More Knowledgeable early(a) and the district of proximal Development. The More Knowledgeable Other simply means that this is a person that has a higher understanding that the learner.This may be instructor to student or it toilet be student to student. Vygotskys other major theory, Zone of Proximal Development is the span or disparity between what children are able to do without the assistance of others and what they are often able to accomplish by having someone more expect assist them at account points (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotsky believed that the most effective instruction took place just slightly above the learners current ability. There was a study done in which children were asked which items of wooden furniture when into a doll house.Some children were allowed to maneuver with their mot her, the More Knowledgable Other, before they attempted it alone, while others were only allowed to do it by themselves. It was found that those who had previously worked with a More Knowledgable Other showed greatest improvement with their attempt than those who did not (McLeod, 2007). The most important of Vygotskys theories in regards to education is his Zone of Proximal Development. It gives the educator a scale defining what the learner is able to extend to with or without assistance and exactly at what level he or she can attain.Based on his ZPD, Vygotsky believed that put-on is a vehicle for a child behaving more maturely than at other times and in play children can work at the top of their Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development shows what a child can learn with assistance. This can be a great tool in the teachers proverbial toolbox. His theories also gives a great understanding in children learning from each other and from the teacher based on the More Knowledgeable Other and sociocultural understanding.Language and thought is sometimes believed to develop together. A child knows what a cat is before he can actually say the word. If the parent asks the child where the cat is, the child is able to point and correctly punctuate the cat (assuming they have a cat as a pet, of course). This is directly in opposition to his idea that the child must know the spoken word cat before the child learns the concept. Vygotsky also believed that ones culture is the defining growth characteristic in language and development. However, his theory states little on biological factors.

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay

The American educational system suffers from a wide disparity between the poor and rich schools in the country. hotfoot relations is a prominent cause of the problem wherein the white-dominated school districts get the most funding and organization support while non-white children live in poverty, faculty member underachievement, indifferent government officials and hopelessness.The No Child leave buns characterization seeks to lessen this disparity by equalizing governmental funding, ensuring a competent teaching hands and instilling a system of accountability. However, like many other faithfulnesss, No Child Left Behind has its shortcomings and needs re-examination and/or fine tuning to chequer its effectiveness. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Issues in Jonathan Kozols BookThrough the book Savage Inequalities Children in Americas Schools, Kozol (1991) do several noteworthy points such as (1) many schools in poverty-stricken areas have non-white children comprisi ng the majority of their pupil populations, (2) poor, run-down schools in non-white neighborhoods view themselves as serving those children who have little value to the country, (3) students, school administrators, general officials and community residents have a shared feeling of hopelessness for their plight and nobody is willing to be accountable for the problem, and (4) increased funding for the poorest schools in America can make a difference if this is accompanied by a change in the societys attitude (pp. 82, 114, 243). Former US president George W. Bush signed The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 into law on January 8, 2002 as part of his educational reform agenda (No Child, 2007).The Act sought for immense variety in Americas K-12 education by underscoring iv principles (1) greater accountability for results, (2) increased flexibility and local control, (3) expanded options for parents, and (4) an emphasis on proven and effective teaching methods (New Jersey, 2 006). The four principles are aligned with the areas of racial inequalities among schools as identified by Kozol (Check, 1992, p. 1) which include funding, governmental assistance, political support, buildings upkeep, feature of educators, availability of and funding for school supplies, extra-curricular facilities, overcrowding and accountability system (Warner, 2002, n. d. ).Extent of Effectiveness of the Act Some of No Child Left Behinds remedies are more pronounced in student academic performance. Thompson and Barnes (2007) cite that albeit slow progress, NCLB yields favorable results in strengthening student academic achievement. For example, scores in mathematics among 4th and 8th graders from 2003 to 2005 increased nationwide with scores for Hispanic and African American students showing prodigious improvement in the same period. Further, 4th graders national average scores in reading amend while achievement gap between African American and Hispanic 4th graders narrowed a pproximately from 2003 to 2005 (p. 16).More than dickens-thirds of the states also reported that test scores disparity in terms of race, income, or linguistic process background has lessened or stayed the same (Rentner et. al. , 2006 as cited in Thompson and Barnes, 2007, p. 16). On the contrary, the mostly debated shortcomings of the law filiation in three areas. First, its stringent assessment and reporting requirements forced educators to allocate instructional time in preparation for assessment thereby suppressing creative learning in the classroom. Secondly, the Department of Education has failed to immediately ensure and monitor that the states comply with the NCLBs teacher quality provisions this being done only two years after the effectivity of the law.Lastly, fund disbursements in some states primarily devoted to professional nurture were done without full consideration of effectiveness or content quality of the trainings (Thompson and Barnes, 2007, pp. 19-20). Conclus ion In summary, the NCLB has place the foundations for educational reform and academic equality but continuous evaluation is essential to make the law work for all. References Check, J. (1992). Book Review Savage Inequalities Children in Americas Shools, by Jonathan Kozol. The Quarterly, 14 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http//www. nwp. org/cs/public/print/resource/1139 Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities Children in Americas Schools. New York Harper collins New Jersey No Child Left Behind. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http//www. nj. gov/education/grants/nclb/

IB HL Economics (Macroeconomic Policies) Essay

Deflationary fiscal policies and tight financial policies exit often be used in conjucture during quantify in which inflation is on the face-lift (perhaps a little too much), and when which the government aims to apply deflationary pressure to ensure that inflation does non rise too much.Deflationary fiscal policy is when government expenditure decreases and taxation increases. tight fiscal policy is when the suppy of notes is decreased and the interest rates are increased.Decreasing government expenditure will have the effect of limiting the amount of facilitation the government provides to fellowship to consume/invest, pressuring society to decrease societys consumption/investment/expenditure. likewise, low supply of money as well as lofty interest rates will apply a brake on firms and consumers expenditure as they instantaneously incur a higher opportunity cost in consuming/supplying/investing collect to increased interest rates.Inflationary fiscal policy and loose mone tary policy however, have the glacial effect on the economy, and this is because they are implemented at times when there is deflationary pressure on the price level (deflation). inflationary fiscal policy will increase government expenditure as well as decrease taxation, and loose monetary policy will increase the supply ofmoney as well as decrease interest rates.By increasing government expenditure you can at present subsidise goods, lowering costs which will have the effect of increasing consumption, as well as provide training schemes to help those who are unemployed find a job. increasing the supply of money increase the amount of flow of money in the economy as there has been an increase in the liquidity in cash. low interest rates attract firms as well as consumers as the opportunity costs to invest/consume have been decreased. for instance, if car loans were previously at 7% during times of inflation (and the government implemented a tight monetary policy), but via deflati onary pressure and commutation banks implementing a decrease in interest rates the car loan interest rate goes tear to 5%, it would be much more economical for you to buy a car when it was at 5% than 7% (increase consumption, which would lead to an increase in the price level as overall demand increases)

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills Research Paper

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills - Research Paper prototypeThe emergence of ESL programs as a school requirement, as Giridharan & Robson (n.d.) stated, has been influenced by the lack of competence of most hostile students in academic writing, which usually affects their academic performance. This is especially true for tertiary education in which students atomic number 18 expected to advance their own ideas within a framework of domain or discipline familiarity and engage the reader in academic discourse (Giridharan & Robson, n.d., p. 1). Therefore, ESL has been created to help U.S. students attain educational proficiency standards. Celic (2009), furthermore, disquieted that the key to establishing effective teaching skills lies in combining proper teaching tools with strategic and results-driven teaching styles. finished ESL programs, therefore, students are not only able to enhance their academic performance, they also gain confidence to damp understand , relate, and interact in their specific social environments (Smith, Vellenga et. al., 2006). Thus, it is the feeling of authentic belongingness that ESL hopes to give to its students for them to get fully immersed in the countrys culture, values, and society.The difficulty in teaching ESL writing, as most researchers today claim, lies not on the stark differences among the students learning abilities but on the choice of the proper approach through which writing must be taught. In this regard, ESL practiti one and only(a)rs have recognized the two primary schools of thought for teaching ESL writing.The first one teaches writing through a systemized and process-driven approach. Proponents of this school of thought believe that by exposing the students to specific writing steps (from researching of the topic to revising the written material in accordance to grammar and syntax), they are able to develop a proper and moredisciplined manner of writing.

Internation Disputes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Internation Disputes - Essay ExampleThis essay will include elaborate details of the radical along with a discussion on settlement and the role of mediation for settling disputes. A diminutive analysis of the significance of the entire process supported by structured examples will also be discussed. The applicability of the concept takes hind end on the individuals, state level and regional and internationalist level for adjudicate conflicts. In other words, the concept is applicable in solvent the conflicts amongst the individuals, independently amongst the states or regions of a commonwealth or amongst different countries functioning on the face of the earth. This concept is used by the regulators under the elucidation of laws and legislation so that the problems can be resolved and a consensus can be formed amidst the aggrieved parties. Under this concept, several examples can be found which shows various peace treaties which concur taken place between the nations. Exampl es of such treaties atomic number 18 Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Iran, Pakistan, Argentina, Chile etc. Nearly all countries have been under treaties for terminate the issues and finding methods for firmness issues which arise internally. There are two methods using which the conflicts are resolved. One is the target method and other is the indirect method. Both methods are applied after understanding and analyzing the complexities of the situations. Different methods have been proposed for resolving the conflicts along with different settlement methods3. Different methods will be discussed and analyzed as per the ever-changing and varying situations as they arise. DEFINING INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES The concept of international disputes highlights the accompaniment that the problems which arise between the nations mustiness be resolved. This will ensure progress and stability in the entire environment and bind the nations in complying with the set standards4. International dispute s can be defined as a disagreement which arises between the states and impacts on the relations maintained between the states.5 The contemporary international law forbids the nations from the use of force or threats and impacts on the relation between the states. There are organizations which ensure that the conflicts and the disputes amongst the nations are resolved in a sedate manner6. This can be settled on the basis of accords developed between the states. The principle of the state is managed, and resolutions are proposed using the UN charters, Pact of the Arab League, the Charter of the Organization of African Unity and the declarations proposed on the Principles of International Laws which are relate directly with the friendly relations amongst the states. All these propositions are made in the light of the UN charter. Understanding this fact it can be concluded that United Nations plays a significantly prominent role in resolving conflicts. The international law does not p rovide precise methods for resolution of disputes. This is because the solution which is provided shall vary with the upcoming issues. The propositions for resolving the conflicts in the UN charter suggest negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement and setup an environment for proposing the issues which arise. The peaceful methods for resolving the international disputes include various methods include investigation and commissioning of the factors which have led to this problem. Direct negotiation methods

Social Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Engineering - Essay ExampleThe term social engineering was coined by Kevin Mitnick, a hacker who spent many years in federal prison for nefarious activities, thence became a highly sought-after computer expert, writing books and other journals. (Mitnick, 2002, p. x). The basics of social engineering argon simple a criminal will use psychological and other low-tech techniques to get what he wants, and what he wants is to hack into the secure databases of these companies to steal trade secrets to give to competitors, or other valuable and occult information. Some of these techniques include dumpster diving to get information about a company that he wants to influence impersonating colleagues, management or IT professionals on the telephone to get information that he needs, such as passwords and passcodes befriending employees and acquire a job a the corporation to get all the information he needs.Social engineers are a huge threat to all corporations, because what they do s eems so innocuous. They also are able to act very basic mistakes, such as the fact that employees do not always shred tender documents, and think nothing of throwing away calendars, employee handbooks, and corporate phone books, all of which are gold-mines to the social engineers who are look for information to get their foot in the door of a large corporation. And they do a contend of damage. In one study, people using social engineering techniques were able to steal $1 billion of information in one dayOne of the new scams involves resilient support personnel. (Claburn, 2010, p. 1). In this scam, an separate gets a pop-up or other advertisement stating that their computer has been infected with a virus, and that they need to purchase a certain program called run PC Care to remedy this problem. If the individual is reluctant to buy this Live PC Care program, then they can click on a box to talk with live personnel. What this