Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece essays

Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece essays Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece The Funeral Oration of Pericles is an excerpt from Thrcydides, The Peloponnesian War. Pericles was a great Greek speaker and renown leader of Athenian democracy during the middle part of the fifth century B.C.E. From this speech, we find out how much he believed in Athenian democracy because he makes no ill references to it. Instead he keeps stating that Athenian democracy is a model for others to follow and that the Peloponnesian War of 430 B.C.E. is a sacrifice in order to keep their way of life and Athenian democracy. As a central figure in Athenian democracy during the Peloponnesian War, it was part of Pericles ¡ job to keep moral high enough so that no one would question why the war was fought and what for. It was his job to tell them why this war was being fought and what for. This funeral oration was an attempt by Pericles to console the wives and parents who had lost loved ones in the Peloponnesian War and to justify their loss with feelings nationalism. Pericles delivered his speech by starting with an outline of what he was going to present, praising the Greek democratic system and then finish off with why it is worth all the lives that were lost. He keeps referring to how their way of life is affected and subsequently benefited by the way their political system is run. So in my opinion, he manipulated the people ¡s unstable condition to glorify Greece and its political system and also to gain support for the Peloponnesian War and the Greek political system of democracy. During a war, people will always question the government and their ways when lives are lost. People that question this loss the most are the ones who have lost loved ones in war. In order to keep moral high, Pericles used nationalism to sway doubters of the war towards being a supporter. He tells the people who have lost loved ones in war to see their death as being a noble ...

Reagent Definition and Examples

Reagent Definition and Examples A reagent is a compound or mixture added to a system to cause a chemical reaction or test if a reaction occurs. A reagent may be used to tell whether or not a specific chemical substance is present by causing a reaction to occur with it. Reagent Examples Reagents may be compounds or mixtures. In organic chemistry, most are small organic molecules or inorganic compounds. Examples of reagents include Grignard reagent, Tollens reagent, Fehlings reagent, Collins reagent, and Fentons reagent. However, a substance may be used as a reagent without having the word in its name. Reagent Versus Reactant The term reagent is often used in place of reactant, but a reagent may not necessarily be consumed in a reaction like a reactant. For example, a catalyst is a reagent  but is not consumed in the reaction. A solvent often is involved in a chemical reaction - it is considered a reagent, but not a reactant. What Reagent-Grade Means When purchasing chemicals, you may see them identified as reagent-grade. What this means is that the substance is sufficiently pure that it may be used for physical testing, chemical analysis, or for chemical reactions that require pure chemicals. The standards required for a chemical to meet reagent-grade quality are determined by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and ASTM International, among others.

Timberland and City Year Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Timberland and City Year - Case Study Example The Timberland brand had existed since 1973 and had shown steady growth since then. When Jeffery Swartz took over in 1991, he applied some basic business expertise to the organization, reducing overheads, cutting inventory, and improving customer service significantly. The result was an increase in revenues from $196 million in 1990 to $650 in 1994. Alongside, Swartz made considerable effort to associate the company and the brand with community service. Swartz developed a distinct relationship with City Year, a fledgling community service corps for young people in the Boston area. Between 1991 and 1994, this relationship strengthened from a supply of 70 boots to a level where Timberland stood committed to providing five million dollars to City Year over a five-year period and Swartz taking a position on its Board. City Year in the meantime increased its spread to six major cities across the US and gained recognition as a national community service receiving 50% of its funds through F ederal grants. Timberland's practice of modern day philanthropy, although good hearted, cannot go without both challenges and criticisms. In the subsequent analysis, we find that the partnership generated benefits and negatives for Timberland because of the inherent and sometimes acute difference in agendas of a for-profit company and a non-profit organization. However, the most drastic problems surfaced in late 1994, early 1995. The loss for Timberland was financial, leaving many employees worried about an uncertain future. Timberland was forced to scale back its operation, laying off a number of employees and outsourcing labor. City Year also faced funding problems, as Congress threatened to withdraw federal funding. Community service with City Year became a major source of tension within the company as employees found it difficult to accept diversion of major amounts to City Year while colleagues lost their jobs in the company. The problem now became whether and how to maintain commitment to co mmunity service in the face of financial difficulties. Literature Review Mason (1993), states that customers may not perceive companies as doing enough even when they are providing good quality at competitive prices. There is increasing emphasis on environment and social involvement among businesses as part of strategy (Fellman, 1999). This concern has been at the root of corporate responsibility discussions that took shape in the Sarbanes Oxley Act, requiring transparency in operations and for companies to demonstrate their commitment to the environment and society through positive action. Studies have shown that customers buy from their business not only based on criteria such as price, quality, and availability, but also other socially responsible acts. According to L&G Business Solutions, a 2001 Hill & Knowlton Harris Interactive poll showed that 79% of Americans consider corporate citizenship when deciding whether to buy a particular company's product; 36% of Americans consider corporate citizenship an important factor when making purchasing decision s. Cause related marketing (CRM) is an accepted and key strategy in

Feminist Concern over Military Sex Assault Essay

Feminist Concern over Military Sex Assault - Essay Example Among the reported crimes, major part involves crime forcefully perpetrated on unwilling and helpless victims. Military rape or other sorts of sexual assault challenge the dignity of the military profession as a whole as the issue has become increasingly common among sex crimes reported in the US. Traditionally, war victims are always prone to rape and sexual assault throughout the world. However, today female soldiers working in the US military are also extremely vulnerable to sexual molestations. Admittedly, the growing crime rate in this field has affected the flow of female candidates to the army. What causes the rise in the military sex crime is a topic for comprehensive research. In this context, it is important to discuss the intensity of military rape in the US giving specific focus to feminist theory. According to Pentagon reports, over 19,000 sexual assaults occur in the US military annually among which many of the cases remain unreported or unresolved, because sometimes th e offenders are the high ranked military officers. The most unfortunate factor is that female soldiers are generally assaulted by their own male counterparts or the individuals at the helm of affairs (Whitten). According to the estimates, â€Å"over 26,000 men and women in the military experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012; and of those cases, only 3,374 were reported and only 302 of the incidents were prosecuted† (Feminist News Wire). Many of the female soldiers who took part in the Iraq war reported that they were raped by their male counterparts; and many researchers maintain that one out of every four women that serve the military are likely to face sexual assault at least one time during their career. Erin Solaro explores the intensity and the actual causes of the issue in detail. According to Solaro, there are over 165,000 American servicewomen who have participated in war as volunteer professionals. Another aspect of the active involvement of women in the field i s that women today constitute ‘15% of the military, 11% of the deployed troops and an unprecedented 2% of the casualties’. The author also points to the fact that no significant war failures, disasters, rapes, discipline breakdowns have been reported due the presence of women in the troops. Solaro argues that wherever bad things have been reported, the problem lies with the fundamental evils of leadership and discipline. Hence, it is in bad units women sufferer when in good units the ‘jerks’ do not dare to cross the line of discipline. The feminist author is sure that the solution to this problem is not to punish women by removing them from the posts but removing or punishing the real perpetrators. To define, the term military rape refers to rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment that occur during military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) collectively terms them as Military Sexual Trauma (MST). At the same time, ‘wartime rapeâ₠¬â„¢ indicates mass wartime rape rather than isolated cases of individual rapes. As per available reports, increases in the frequency of wartime rape might range from an estimated 300% to 400% by the end of the World War II (Gottschall) although the reliability of the data is not beyond question. According to some estimates, more than half a million people have been raped while serving the US army; and nearly 100,000 cases of military rape have been occurred within the past seven years (Koss, 2004). Evidently, women constitute the major victim group in this regard whereas men are also prone to sexual harassment in the army. To illustrate, according to the Department of Defense survey

My impression of Commercial Radio in Asia Essay Example for Free

My impression of Commercial Radio in Asia Essay A very significant impression that commercial radio in Asia makes is the strength of commercial radio in the region through the years, especially in comparison with other multi-media platforms. Before the era of the internet, the tri-media through sociological aspects have directly or indirectly created a balance that made the relationship of the three media platforms evenhanded. There are advantages and disadvantages found in print, television as well as in radio, even when there are times that social factors alter the balance temporarily, like the television ad ban and newspaper ad limitations set in Indonesia before which favored commercial radio, income-wise (Anderson, 1984, p. 180). For radio, as well as for the rest of the other forms of media, they managed to thrive by making the most out of their advantage over the other forms. Radio’s advantage rests on the accessibility and mobility of information through use of radio as well as the presentation of more real-time information compared to television and print. This is one of the particular strengths commercial radios demonstrated in Asia, the reason why many of its patrons remained loyal to radio despite the improvement in television and print and the entry of the internet. Asia is one of the regions that serve as hotbeds of radio even when in many places radio patronage have dwindled because of the change in sociological factors affecting media use and impact. This can be attributed to the fact that most Asian countries are still comprised heavily by rural areas that have not fully embraced modern technology, relying on the more traditional means, particularly the cheap and accessible radio. In these rural areas, print media finds it difficult to thrive because of socio economic and political reasons, and television is mostly reserved in living rooms, for those who are fortunate to have one. Most people in the rural areas of third world or lower class countries in Asia can only manage a radio for their source of information and this advantage is being used to the hilt by commercial radio owners and operators. The demand created by social conditions are favoring commercial radio immensely even today, particularly in Asia, and for its part, commercial radio has not abandoned its responsibility to those who depend on it. Another significant impression made by commercial radio in Asia is the new role that it plays in modern day culture. While there are factors from the past that still affect or characterize commercial radio today like the traces of previous commercial radio cultures like dependency on commercial radio for new songs and top of the charts lists radio listeners from India and other Asian countries (Kasbekar, 2005, p. 134), radio and its role in modern day culture no doubt transformed and metamorphosed, proving that radio is indeed characterized by â€Å"timeliness (Applegate, 2004, p. 120)† as well as timelessness. Before, the design was one-way information channeling, radio anchors and disk jockeys provide information and entertainment which the listeners consume, and the focus, particularly of AM stations, are largely political. â€Å"A vital part of the cold war between Taiwan and China is radio broadcasting (Wood, 1999, p. 163). † Today’s radio (despite the handicap of absence of visuals) manages to incorporate interactivity in its scheme of things. DJs and anchors interact more with listeners and callers, making the relationship more personal. Because of the shift in age demographic, commercial radio is enjoyed by different age brackets and has involved itself more in lifestyle and culture. Besides news and music and radio programs, the content now include sports, gossip, entertainment, lifestyle, and a wide range of other interests, allowing radio to be appreciated in a new light. Commercial radio has also been an important proof of the change in lifestyle, both in rural and urban places in Asia. Political and social changes lead to change in culture and attitude, and how individuals continued supporting commercial radio is proof of this change. â€Å"The number of local youths listening (in Asia) listening to the radio primarily because it is a foreign-language station is testament to its attraction in this regard (Shoesmith, Rossiter, 2004, p. 57). † This shows that the strength of commercial radio and its success rests largely on its ability to adapt to new environment and culture. Bibliography Anderson, M. H. (1984) Madison Avenue in Asia: Politics and Transnational Advertising. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. Applegate, E. (2004) Strategic Copywriting: How to Create Effective Advertising. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Kasbekar, A. (2005) Pop Culture India! : Media, Arts and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. Shoesmith, B. , Ned R. (2004) Refashioning Pop Music in Asia: Cosmopolitan Flows, Political Tempos, and Aesthetic Industries. Taylor Francis, Inc. Wood, J. (1999) History of International Broadcasting, Vol. 2. Institution of Engineering Technology.

A Tale Of Two Cities LA :: essays research papers fc

A Tale of Two Cities This paper is a literary analysis over the book A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens. It contains information about the author, plot, and characters in the story. Devices and styles used to complete the book are also in this paper. On February 7, 1812 in Portsea, Charles Dickens began his life. His father, John Dickens, spent little time with Charles. The family lived in poverty and John was in prison much of the time. When Charles was two, the family moved to London. At age twelve, Charles worked in a factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He only worked there for a few months, but it was a miserable experience that would remain with him his whole life. Dickens attended school until he was fifteen. He always enjoyed reading, and especially adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. Authors like William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding greatly influenced his work. However, most of the knowledge he used as an author came from his environment around him. In the late 1820s, Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter. Dickens= first book, Sketches by Boz, written in 1836, consisted of articles he wrote for the London Chronicles. After he married Catherine Hogarth in 1836, his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. This was the beginning of his career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Dickens was twenty-four, he became famous for the rest of his life. His first fame came with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club with Dickens= adventure stories. Other works followed such as, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, and Our Mutual Friend. In 1837, Catherine=s sister Mary, died. Dickens suffered much grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Dickens and Catherine had ten children in all. In 1958 the couple separated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through his life, Dickens was an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and an editor. Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. This led to involvement in many organizations until 1865 when Dickens health started to decline. In 1870 Dickens died of a stroke. The world remembers him as one of the best authors in history. In two basic locations the story takes place. The main action is in England and France during the French revolution. The action begins in 1775 at Tellson=s bank in England, then it moves to France in a wine shop where the rebels have headquarters.

Reaction Paper to Common Schools Essay

When I first started watching this video, I thought that it was just going to be another boring homework assignment like in all my other classes. To my surprise, the video actually wasn’t boring at all. I enjoyed watching it and would recommend it to anyone to watch. I enjoy informative videos and documentaries. What stands out in my mind about the video is how God was actually brought up and taught in the schools back then. The children were given the book The Primer and the hornbook which had a prayer in it. It’s crazy how much has changed since that time. Now in many schools when the Pledge of Allegiance is said, people will leave out â€Å"under God† because nobody wants to offend anybody who doesn’t believe in God. Even now when I look back at my elementary days, times have changed quite a bit. I remember when my teachers would have the class pray before we would go to eat lunch. As I child, I never thought that it was a bad thing to do. If anything, it would make children feel a little more appreciative of what they have instead of what they do not have. There was also times around Christmas and Easter when we would do projects that would involve God but nobody would ever make a big deal about it. Recently I have gone back and observed in a few classrooms in my hometown and it is totally different. Teachers don’t mention religion at all. Children don’t even say the Pledge of Allegiance and if children have a conversation about religion amongst themselves, the teacher has them stop talking about it. As a child that had religion in school, I feel grateful I was able to have that. Some children don’t have parents that take them to church or have anything to do with it and that little bit of prayer in school was the only thing they had. That gives children a sense of comfort that there is a higher power that is on their side. As a future educator, I feel like I know the boundaries as to where to draw the line with religion and school. I know not to be pushy or make any students feel uncomfortable about religion when they don’t believe the same way as someone else.

Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence Essay

The book ‘Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence’ that is written by Doris Pilkington is about three aboriginal half-cast girls that run away from The Moore River Native Settlement. At the settlement aboriginal half-cast children are kept and tried to be changed into white people so they can be respected in the community. The book is set in Western Australia in the early 1900’s. ‘This free-Spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this place,’ is true, she shows her persistence, determination and is toughness. A half-cast child was an aboriginal with an aboriginal mother but a white father. The persistence Molly shows during the book is incredible for a fourteen year old to have to acts as the mother to the other two girls Gracie and Daisy. The girls were taken from there family’s at a camp in Jigalong. They were then taken to Moore river were there was a camp for half-cast children like themselves to be trained into servants and to be turned white. Molly knowing what will happen to them if they stayed at the camp. â€Å"Pack up your things we’re leaving now â€Å"said Molly when she was trying to rush them out the door so they could leave in a hurry so they could get a big head start on the government officials. Molly shows lots of persistence during the book which could show why they were able to evade capture and return home to Jigalong. The determination of the young Molly was repeated as she did the same trip again but this time with her newborn baby. Molly was always trying to look for the bright side on the way home. ‘My legs hurt’ said Daisy when they were walking in the bush so Molly decided to carry her sister and Gracie at different times even though her legs were hurting to. The determination of Molly was evident in how she was able to get the girls on the move, as most of the time they were running away. The saying you’re as tough as nails could easily be describing Molly. The book shows that Molly has lots of characteristics but determination is one of the important ones. The toughness of a fourteen year old girl could be said to be non-existent as todays girls have a luxury life, where any toughness is not needed. Molly on the other hard is as tough as a rock and journey she accomplished with two smaller children who could be very hard to deal with, to make the story better she was sent back to the camp after she had an operation and escaped back to her family after using the same route she took nine years early. Molly shows her toughness though the book in helping these two girls get home with her but she had the strength to do it again with her very young newborn baby, but she had to make a tough sacrifice in her decision to come home as she had to leave her oldest daughter Doris there at the camp, this â€Å"was one of the hardest decision of my life† said Molly while being interviewed for the movie. The toughness of Molly is evident throughout the book showing one of the qualities that not everyone has. The book ‘Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence’ is written by Doris Pilkington is about three aboriginal half-cast girls running away from The Moore River Native Settlement where aboriginal half-caste children kept. The book highlights the journey the girls took back to their home in Jigalong in Western Australia. The main character was Molly who was the oldest out of all three girls. . ‘This free-Spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this place,’ is true, she shows her Persistence, determination and is toughness. This book shows a true and inspiring story of children that wanted to go home.

Business environment Essays

Business environment Essays Business environment Essay Business environment Essay Agility is the ability to thrive and prosper in an environment of constant and unpredictable change. The term agile manufacturing was coined by a US government sponsored research programme at Lehigh University and, Latterly, MIT. It is an enterprise-wide strategy in which the customer is the first priority, change is an opportunity to do things better, and delivering value is paramount. It seeks to cope with demand volatility by allowing changes to be made in an economically viable and timely manner. As the transition into the twenty-first century occurs there are radical changes taking place that are reshaping the industrial landscape of western economies. Customers want to be treated individually. The marketplace has become truly global and requires low volume, high quality, custom specific products. These products have both very short life cycles and development production lead times. Everything is changing very fast and unpredictably. The swift trend towards a multiplicity of finished products has lead many companies into problems with inventories, overheads, and efficiencies. Mass production does not apply to products where the customers require small quantities of highly customised, design-to-order products, and where additional services and value-added benefits like product upgrades and future reconfigurations are as important as the product itself. This leads to a people intensive, relationship driven operation. Perfect quality and very high levels of service are expected and required. Agility relates to the interface between the company and the market. Essentially it is a set of abilities for meeting widely varied customer requirements in terms of price, specification, quality, quantity and delivery. Agility has been expressed as having four underlying principles: delivering value to the customer; being ready for change; valuing human knowledge and skills; forming virtual partnerships. The company must remove the obstacles that prevent it from manufacturing with high velocity the set-ups, the excessive material handling, the poor physical flow, and all production interruptions. And the company must streamline the physical flow, integrate the processes and close the distances between supply, production, assembly, distribution, and the end customer. The emphasis must be on quickly satisfying the service chain of events from the time a customer delivers a request until he is satisfied. Although the word manufacturing is used with this concept, the principles of agility can equally apply to other functions of a business and to service industries. The agilitys success has attracted more than 150 Fortune-500 companies. Lean, flexible and agile in supply chain A supply chain is the process of moving goods from the customer order through the raw materials stage, supply, production, and distribution of products to the customer. Market demands, customer service, transport considerations, and pricing constraints all must be understood in order to structure the supply chain effectively Managing the supply chain for competitive advantage is not just to reduce costs. All physical and logical events within the supply chain must be enacted swiftly, accurately, and effectively. Leanness, flexibility and agility have to be utilised proactively at suppliers and their suppliers. These inter-company collaborations created can help to achieve desired economic outcomes that the individual firms can not achieve separately. Such networks allow firms to combine resources to gain economies of scale, acquire technologies and resources, gain knowledge, and enter markets beyond their individual capability. They also can help to achieve continuing gains in efficiency, labour productivity, and reduction of cycle time and inventory. Comparison of lean, flexible and agile Lean production allegedly combines the benefits of craft and mass production, without their disadvantages. It delivers quality and variety without the cost penalty of craft production and the large cost advantage of mass production. Flexibility is a feature of the companys production system. It is the inherent ability to adjust or modify its resource deployment according to new or changing demands in the market. Agility is the ability to thrive and prosper in an environment of constant and unpredictable change. Lean manufacturing is being very good at doing the things you can control. Agile manufacturing deals with the things we can NOT control. Agility is built upon the firm foundation of world class or lean manufacturing methods, coupled with an organisation that is physically, technologically, and managerial established for rapid and unpredictable change. Among the four underlying principles of agility: Delivering value to the customer, being ready for change, valuing human knowledge and skills, forming virtual partnerships, the first three can be found within the operating philosophies of companies generally thought to be lean as described in The Machine that Changed the World. To summarize this comparison, agility, flexibility and leanness are not alternatives, but are mutually supporting concepts. Together they improve competitiveness and the prospects of survival in an increasingly volatile and global business environment.

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution Following the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781, leaders in Parliament decided that offensive campaigns in North America should cease in favor of a different, more limited approach. This was spurred by the widening of the war to include France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. Through the fall and following winter, British colonies in the Caribbean fell to enemy forces as did Minorca. With anti-war forces growing in power, Lord Norths government fell in late March 1782 and was replaced by one led by Lord Rockingham. Learning that Norths government had fallen, Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris, wrote to Rockingham expressing a desire to begin peace negotiations. Understanding that making peace was a necessity, Rockingham elected to embrace the opportunity. While this pleased Franklin, and his fellow negotiators John Adams, Henry Laurens, and John Jay, they made it clear that the terms of the United States alliance with France prevented them from making peace without French approval. In moving forward, the British decided that they would not accept American independence as a precondition for beginning talks. Political Intrigue This reluctance was due to their knowledge that France was experiencing financial difficulties and a hope that military fortunes could be reversed. To begin the process, Richard Oswald was sent to meet with the Americans while Thomas Grenville was dispatched to begin talks with the French. With negotiations proceeding slowly, Rockingham died in July 1782 and Lord Shelburne became the head of the British government. Though British military operations began to have success, the French stalled for time as they were working with Spain to capture Gibraltar. In addition, the French sent a secret envoy to London as there were several issues, including fishing rights on the Grand Banks, on which they disagreed with their American allies. The French and Spanish were also concerned about American insistence on the Mississippi River as a western border. In September, Jay learned of the secret French mission and wrote to Shelburne detailing why he should not be influenced by the French and Spanish. In this same period, Franco-Spanish operations against Gibraltar were failing to leave the French to begin debating ways for exiting the conflict. Advancing to Peace Leaving their allies to bicker amongst themselves, the Americans became aware of a letter sent during the summer to George Washington in which Shelburne conceded the point of independence. Armed with this knowledge, they re-entered talks with Oswald. With the issue of independence settled, they began hammering out the details which included border issues and discussion of reparations. On the former point, the Americans were able to get the British to agree to the borders established after the French Indian War rather than those set by the Quebec Act of 1774. By the end of November, the two sides produced a preliminary treaty based on the following points: Great Britain recognized the Thirteen Colonies to be free, sovereign and independent states.The borders of the United States would be those of 1763 extending west to the Mississippi.The United States would receive fishing rights on the Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence.All contracted debts were to be paid to creditors on each side.The Congress of the Confederation would recommend that each state legislature provide restitution for property taken from Loyalists.The United States would prevent property from being taken from Loyalists in the future.All prisoners of war were to be released.Both the United States and Great Britain were to have perpetual access to the Mississippi.Territory captured by the United States subsequent to the treaty was to be returned.Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months of signing. With the British relief of Gibraltar in October, the French ceased to have any interest in aiding the Spanish. As a result, they were willing to accept a sepa rate Anglo-American peace. Reviewing the treaty, they grudgingly accepted it on November 30. Signing Ratification With the French approval, the Americans and Oswald signed a preliminary treaty on November 30. The terms of the treaty provoked a political firestorm in Britain where the concession of territory, abandonment of the Loyalists, and granting of fishing rights proved particularly unpopular. This backlash forced Shelburne to resign and a new government was formed under the Duke of Portland. Replacing Oswald with David Hartley, Portland hoped to modify the treaty. This was blocked by the Americans who insisted on no changes. As a result, Hartley and the American delegation signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. Brought before the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, MD, the treaty was ratified on January 14, 1784. Parliament ratified the treaty on April 9 and ratified copies of the document were exchanged the following month in Paris. Also on September 3, Britain signed separate treaties ending their conflicts with France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. These largely saw the European nations exchange colonial possessions with Britain regaining the Bahamas, Grenada, and Montserrat while ceding the Floridas to Spain. Frances gains included Senegal as well as having fishing rights guaranteed on the Grand Banks. Selected Sources University of Oklahoma: Treaty of Paris (1783) TextUS State Department: Treaty of Paris (1783)Patriot Resource: Treaty of Paris (1783)

Sufism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sufism - Essay Example Sufism shows the influence of other major religions such as Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism (Isfahan Web site). While the underlying precept of Sufism is renunciation of the worldly life and a repudiation of conflict and strife, history shows that Sufism often transcended its’ spiritual mandate to function as a political or even a military power. The emphasis of Sufism is on Unity with God: Tawhid, through an allegorical interpretation of the Qur’an. The orthodox conformity to the religious laws of the Shari’ah is but an external guide to repudiate the worldly life. The crucial step is the achievement of an inner, personal experience of the Divine, in which the self becomes one with God. This can be achieved by tariqa, or mediation, and dhikr, or remembrance of God. Sufism encourages self-denial and ascetism and centers round the love of God: mahabbah, through the subjugation of the ego, or nafs (Univ. of Calgary Web site). Sufism includes many orders or mystical brotherhoods: Tariqas, organized on a structure developed by Al-Ghazali (1058-1111), who is credited with bringing Sufism firmly within the ambit of orthodox Islam theology, making it a more popular, inclusive movement. Each order is headed by a spiritual leader, or Shaykh, and follows a distinctive path. The disciples, faqirs or mudirs, live communally. Their mystical practices include chanting of divine phrases, breath control, communal chanting and ecstatic dancing (the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey). The main Sufi brotherhoods are the Qadiriya, Chistiya, Shadhilya, Naqshbandiya, Ni’matallahiya and Meleviye, although many others, each with its’ own emphasis regarding practice and observances, are found in various parts of the world (Godlas, Sufism). In what may be viewed as a contradiction in terms, Sufism has been associated with movements of political and historical significance over the ages. The Safavid Empire in Persia, one

Crimes Against Humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Crimes Against Humanity - Essay Example at this term first appeared in the preamble of the 1907 Hague Convention, the meaning of this term have evolved to take on a much broader meaning to include â€Å"anything atrocious committed on a large scale.†(Cherif Bassiouni (1998). Killing is morally evil and wars bring so many deaths that even though â€Å"decisions relating to war are not made in a moral vacuum† (Coates 1997) one can never claim that the death of innocent people are but the collateral damages of war. The term â€Å"crimes against humanity† has become so broad that it encompasses just all other types of violence against certain groups of people, sector or race in the past years. To help us understand the term â€Å"crimes against humanity better† let us look into some specific events in the history of humankind where war has created such atrocities that dehumanize a person. It is interesting to note at this point that when we say crimes against humanities, we do not only mean deaths of thousands of people but also those events that reduce a person into a mean object of hate or experimentation. There have been many events in the past involving great loss of human lives, but throughout the recorded history of mankind nothing could ever surpass the holocaust when it comes to violations of the human dignity. In the generic sense of the word, a holocaust is any event where there is great loss of human life as is near total destruction by fire (American Heritage Encyclopedia 2005). However, the meaning of this word somewhat changed with the event that led to the death of some 11 million people. The holocaust is one of the best examples of â€Å"crimes against humanity†. Between 1933-1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Jewish people were systematically killed when the Nazi movement and its supporter ruled the most part of Europe1. Although most of Hitler’s target was the Jews, there are also other people who suffered and died on the process under the brutality of the military, the