A midsummer nights dream By william shakespeare

Midsummer night's dream is one of the classic romantic comedy plays of William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare is the one of the best writer who ever lived.He deeply looks at the society with a very different perspective. In his play midsummer night’s dream he has depicted the feelings of love and desire with a very different point of view. Exact year when Midsummer night's dream was written is not known but it is supposed that is written around 1595 or 1596. (William Shakespeare biography and works, 1)In A Midsummer-Night's Dream, for the first time, Shakespeare uses an ‘outside force' which interferes in and controls the affairs of men. Oberon moves unseen, unheard, and unsuspected to the solution of the sole problem of the play (so far as the mortals are concerned) — that of restoring Demetrius's love to Helena.Although he differs in form and nature from Shakespeare's later notable forces of control as markedly as they differ from one another, the fairy king i s like them all both in his essential dramatic function and in the attributes which enable him to perform this function — superior power and superior awareness.Like the Fate that operates throughout Romeo and Juliet (according to the Prologue) and the Fate of which the witches are the visible figureheads in Macbeth, but unlike Duke Vincentio in Measure for Measure and Prospero in The Tempest, Oberon is supernatural and immortal. Like Vincentio and Prospero, and unlike Fate in the tragedies, he is benevolent. Like Fate itself and unlike the others, he remains always invisible to the mortal participants — but, unlike Fate, he is visible to us. Like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he makes observable contact with mortals, either directly or through an intermediary.Also like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he requires special aids or ‘props' in wielding his power.Unlike all the others, he is concerned quite incidentally with th e affairs of mortals. And, finally, he fell a little short of the others' omniscience and omnipotence: under his direction things can temporarily get out of hand.The play is a light entertainment comedy that has three main plots interlinked with each other firstly the celebrations of the wedding of Theseus the Duke of Athens, to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, secondly the mishap created between the couples and the involvement of the fairies in the scenario.The story mainly revolves around the two couples who are in love with each other but a little mistake creates chaos and comedy in the story. (A midsummer nights dream- Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 1)The play starts with the scene in Athens when four days left in the wedding and the celebrations and preparations are at their peak when Egeus arrives complaining about his daughter Hermia. With him Egeus brings two men Demetrius and Lysander. His problem is that he wants Hermia to marry Demetrius but Hermia is in deep love with Lysander and refuses to marry Demetrius.Her father continuously forces her for the marriage and also threatens her to marry Demetrius or either he will kill her or banish her according to the ancient law for a disobedient daughter.The Duke reminds Hermia of her duty as an obedient daughter to respect her father's wish and marry Demetrius and that she has time till the new moon to make up her mind regarding this matter otherwise the Duke will have to forcefully enforce the ancient law.Hearing this Hermia and Lysander decided to save their love by escaping from Athens into the nearby woods and then getting married in nearby town away from the ancient law. Hermia tells her plan to her best friend Helena who is a babble mouth and had been in love with Demetrius and can do anything to get his affection and love. She spills the plan of Hermia's escape in front of Demetrius and hope that they can catch Hermia and Lysander in the forest. (A midsummer night's dream, 1)In the forest the King of Fairies Oberon and the Queen of fairies Titania are having a quarrel about an Indian orphan boy that who will have the boy. The king wants the boy as his servant where as the queen is not allowing him demanding that she will keep the boy. (A midsummer night's dream, 1)Desperate to have the boy the king orders his most faithful fairy Puck to go and search for the magic flower, whose juice when dropped on some one’s eyes the person will fall in love immediately with the first person he sees after waking.Oberon had the plans in his mind that Titania will fall in love with anybody she sees and in return he will get the boy for himself. Puck brings the flower and puts the juice in the eyes of the sleeping Queen. The tradesmen in Athens plan to perform a crude play about Pyramus and Thisbe at the wedding of The DukeThe troupe of the players that are going to perform the play includes Nick Bottom who is a weaver and thinks he is very much clever and efficient that the role heâ₠¬â„¢s playing will make the play a big hit but his fellows do not think so they decide to go and rehearse in the woods.

Case Study Advanced Proffesional Development Education Essay

Introduction: ~In this assignment, we learn or build personal and professional accomplishments in order to run into both personal and administration to develop ends. To make the professional ends, each and every 1 must hold to such sort of believing thought on 4 i.e. from entry phase to advisor phase. Every personal can hold to knowledge about their accomplishments through specific acquisition or understanding manner system. In order to develop our concern or turn up in market each and every person required personal accomplishment or specific cognition, for this a personal must hold to cognize about personal accomplishment audit. On the footing of public presentation on each and every one personale they purely develop a class system which is give to the them on the public presentation of executing the undertaking depend on this they must hold to give high degree to low degree of class which one write down in the study. Everyone can development program of personal and do his or her life traveling to easy. By this manner single acquire a path on his or her bearer and motivates to follow his/her personal program.1.1a ) Explore the methods to make personal and professional accomplishments for both organizational and ain ends and aims.Personal accomplishments:Personal accomplishments to develop appropriate cognition or understanding through solutions or develop personal accomplishments. Personal accomplishmen ts are develop in the manner of work experience, acquisition, avocations, utilizing new go outing engineering, invention, societal or other sort of life experience in the instance to run into his or her personal and organisation end. This can be travel for creativeness alteration. By developing the personal accomplishments they might be develop or advance new things and advanced designed methods. Like this such sort of extraordinary accomplishments are most for the calling end of an person. Depends on the single assorted engaged in new direction methods and open up proficient or commercial as good international accomplishments. On the research base of some of the basic personal accomplishments need to be develop single are:A ) Communication accomplishmentsEach and every one have to develop a communicating accomplishments like basic things reading, talking authorship and listening utilizing assorted sort of communications plans or engineering like newspapers, wireless, telecasting. B esides through such sort of non-verbal techniques like assorted books of different writers or any other survey books, or assorted societal or personal job work outing state of affairs. This can besides develop by utilizing cyberspace or assorted type of grammar trial as good.B ) Time direction accomplishmentsTime is so much of import things for any sort of individual to develop his or her life on the best manner to acquire good accomplishment in the life. An single must hold to developed clip direction accomplishments as similar subject and undertaking stopping point within clip period. The development of clip direction depends on the work completing procedure to take how long clip to run the procedure to on this footing they have to develop the direction of clip in specific clip period. This can be maintain and bettering by doing clip tabular array for peculiar undertaking or specific purpose to make the ends and run with this agenda within clip bound. Puting the precedences and sc heduling them harmonizing to single ends. Individual must besides include all the sort of of import meeting and work for the house to develop and execute their undertaking and acquire relaxation so for each and every this things need to clip direction. ( Vas, 2004 )C ) Teamwork accomplishmentsTeamwork accomplishment can be developing by each and every one person execute their work as a squad member. To make the any sort of job and have to work out this a member which work with squad for this fixing the undertaking has to work outing the job and to develop of work mark which one coating within the clip bound. So we can acquire good public presentation by working together and accomplish our ends. So we can make our any sort of our hard end as teamwork.D ) Stress direction accomplishmentsStress can be developing by the instability or due to psychology force per unit area on head. An single must recognize emphasis i.e. short term or long term emphasis, impermanent emphasis, positive or negative emphasis, and severe or mild emphasis. For the solution or overcome of any sort of emphasis we have to acquire relax from work, develop the wont of exercising, reading, playing some games, societal support, and besides pull off the clip and agenda before start the undertaking.F ) General accomplishmentsSkill must be improved by an person from everyone ‘s past experience in instance of every bit good derive higher instruction and committedness towards work, societal life, assorted sort of cognition. Individual have to develop like this sort of general accomplishment to execute as a good mode and better public presentation.Measuring professional accomplishmentsThis model is for professionals in wellness, societal attention, athletics and life sciences who wish to go on their professional development. The surveies are tailored to development demands assisting and advancement in calling. On the manner of Dalton and Thompson there are 4 phases to develop the professional accomplishments has to execute as below:1 ) The Cardinal PhaseIn this phase an person foremost better or larn the profession of a new occupation within the administration. On base of cardinal an person learn how to follow his co-workers and acquire good cognition before larning how to take them and give best performance.A It is known as a kernel of the cardinal phase. Main of import things of this phase are the construction of administration, map and civilization. Cardinal things have to cognize about the creativeness and proposal. Make the cognition about the dependence move to independence and besides on on which manner is to be possible. Besides explore the personal/professional kineticss. ( Unknown, 2008 ) develop professional pattern addition increased duty widen your calling way or entree new functions2 ) Colleague PhaseIn this instance personal have to make or keep or develop his/her ego on foundation of proficient footing, self-dependent, growing in professional cognition etc. So acquiring more and more cognition is to be more originative an single towards the administration. In this phase an single must develop: Any one country of experts or specialise. Build expertness in chosen countries He has to develop the features of a professional individual. Day by twenty-four hours increasing efficiency every bit good as effectivity. Besides portion the information with others and follows on it.3 ) Counselor or determination PhaseIn this measure an person have to take a determination or be a counselor on the under working individual to hold know about his ability to work and assist him to be a professional and besides which run as a this duty to develop, organise and working as a squad leader to keep the administration. An person must hold to develop him/herself wholly in work outing the jobs. An person have to spread out his/her cognition for peculiar point and has to work out it. He has to develop the relationship between his/her training with mentoring. Besides has to derive publicities or better calling potency4 ) Advisor PhaseIn this phase to develop the planning how to run the administration in the hereafter so we can acquire good consequence and so accomplish the end of administration. Besides this is a concluding measure of professional accomplishment development and plays a sterling function to develop administration in the hereafter with aid of personal thoughts and constructs or the specific cognition of the person. Individual must affect in strategic planning of the administration. Addition increased duties Besides each individual who work within the administration have to execute undertaking with extraordinary cognition or thoughts and besides has to take a hazard in the concern to develop good administration and do more net income in the hereafter. An person have to go a respective of all the people within the administration. ( Unknown, 2008 )1.1b ) Introduce the both of administration accomplishments on the manner to larn in future.By acquiring new and new to better the professional accomplishments an single must include wide scope of larning chances and experiences. Geting more cognition has to develop effectual thoughts are stated below:1 ) Alumnus or Degree CoursesProfessionalism is must in every country of an single calling and acquire a good personality. In the alumnus class is the most of import thing to do personal ‘s hereafter in the instruction manner to develop his/her ego with doing best calling in peculiar graduation field. Now a twenty-four hours ‘s in new coevals develop a the beforehand degree class, in this instance the assorted type of surrogate option are available to make the classs in peculiar manner as like full clip class to go to the college or university and some sort of class we can make on our free clip base means portion clip classs2 ) InternetIndividual can besides larn and acquire assorted sort of more international cognition through cyberspace as this beginning. Through cyberspace system we can besides develop professionalism as there are besides on-line surveies or instance surveies which can associate to single profession. By this manner we get batch of cognition about our undertaking and besides tonss of information available even other undertaking ‘s every bit good so we can compare our ideas or undertakings with others make more effectual than other. Besides we get more thought about merchandise ‘s selling, finance, economic system.3 ) Other Professional Societies and AssociationsAfter that acquiring a broad scope of experience on the base of workshops and seminars are been held by some administration to increase or derive form an single personality and professional facets.4 ) Books and DiariesBy this manner we get tonss of cognition related to o ur undertaking on assorted types oh thinks of tonss of writers and besides is a debonair manner to developing the professional. And for this we can utilize our montage ‘s book section as good assorted sort of cognition acquiring books to read. For this personale have to be a reading accomplishment so acquire immense sort of cognition about this type of beginnings like diary, books, newspapers etc.5 ) ExhibitionBy this manner single acquire more pick for perform his peculiar field, related to professional pick to larn by detecting the new or similar merchandise or it ‘s characteristics or services from the rival. Attending exhibition of an peculiar things acquiring new thoughts from others knowledge by observation or besides by unwritten presentation given by others. By this manner we can easy acquire new thoughts or good cognition in our related field. An person can besides larn through work experience in his or her section by turn outing them with preparation. Training is most knowledge acquiring undertaking so by this manner we can easy larn such sort of new things. Training session helps to better: Personal thinks or cognition Duties towards the undertaking Behaviour of the personal Geting cognition about accomplishments and so give best public presentation towards the administration. All the above larning ways helps an person in many ways: We learn new things and believe every bit good alter the attitude of an single towards work and societal life and work on their emotions. After all addition cognition to growing as an person. By this manner they can motivated and larn new things and better their activities. Increase the self assurance due to self motive. ( Mittal, 2006 )1.2a ) On the base of personal accomplishments audit, happen out specific preferable acquisition manner, which chiefly base on the standard direction and leading:A personal accomplishments audit point of an single existing accomplishment against the accomplishments which an person demand both at the present clip being and in the close hereafter. It placing the accomplishments which include the single demand to transport out his/her bing work and besides develop a program, ant to better the accomplishments and acquiring cognition which needed for an personal to work on his hereafter work for end or calling.1 ) Identifying bing accomplishments and cognition:In this first phase, where single return or show his/her personal accomplishment technique. After that on the base of his or her existing work an single can name down his/her personal accomplishments by the observation of his/her cognition of work every bit good single placing his/her cognition every bit good as bing accomplishments which one consider as an of import. Besides an single discovery out most utile accomplishments and new things on the base of cognition, such this sort of accomplishments an single must mention to his/her description.2 ) Identifying future accomplishments and cognitionIndividual has to compose down those of import accomplishments and cognition which are utile in the hereafter program and cognition carry on for his/her best calling. So in this attention person has to must see to each and every one on wider the option and besides to take the best possible option to success on the manner for future.3 ) Rating the ability of an personThis phase is run after the done indentifying the exciting and future accomplishments by an person. In this instance an single spring rate to his or her on the base of current work ability by looking the option every bit good understanding clearly. This evaluation system can be follow by each a nd every one ‘s working accomplishments technique and methods of the work base to thing to make new something. There have 4 stairss to scale as follow: A ) Specific sort of certain accomplishment and cognition related survey. B ) On the base of high grade of accomplishment and cognition. None of the present accomplishments and the cognition. Create specific sort of cognition accomplishment and some guideline to utilize it.4 ) Review the above ability evaluationAfter the ability of an single the following measure is to reexamine the ability evaluation of an person. It is run the footing of honesty feedback in the instance of wise man to give an single honest feedback about his or her work ability. Because of an person must hold to avoid attack with his/her co-worker as they can misdirect an person every bit good. For this of import undertaking, acquiring new things and positions toward determining their hereafter calling program.5 ) Future developmentAfter acquiring cognition in different position of the undertaking an single must star working on his/her negative points or depressions nucleuss in order to develop accomplishments or cognition. Future development can be achieved by an single by self-motivating and concentrating on the coveted consequence. On the bases on new thing and thoughts we can develop a hereafter pro gram. So let now we have to placing prefer larning manner which chiefly focus on the effectual accomplishment required for best direction and leading. There are three chief types of preferable larning manner they are: Listening Vision Past experienceLearning through listeningAn person can larn the best through effectual hearing when there are group treatments held within the administration. They can be besides learn may of import things on the footing of naming carefully to their co-workers or supervisor or directors or trainer during the clip of seminars or exhibition. An person can besides larn many of import things if he/she listen carefully to their supervisor or co-workers during the clip of seminars or exhibition. ( ScholarshipNet.Info, 2004 )VisionVision is the best position of each and every one house to develop in the hereafter program is an of import things or measure for success. An single learns the best when the direction present informations in the written format or in the ocular format like a pie chart or flow diagram of the company. Besides can be present on the one of best ways company shows the projectors or power point slides. this will make the images of these slides in his or her thought can d evelop by the utilizing this slides or images.Learning from past experienceThis is chief of import manner to larning the undertaking on the base of his or her past experience. â€Å" Experience is the Best Teacher. † So an person can larn easy or though on T his/her past experience. So if they did any error in the yesteryear so they can to Learning from one ‘s experience helps an person to larn the most.1.3a ) Produce a item about personal development programPersonal development program helps an person to accomplish his/her ends as it helps to place the spread between the accomplishments which requires betterment by an person. While fixing the personal development program, an single work with his/her activities and schemes to run into his/her personal ends. Personal development program enable an person to concentrate on his/her work as it helps the person to be on the right path. I would wish to bring forth my personal development program of achieving Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) on the base of Pharmacy grade, non merely deriving this grade but maintaining in head the journey to accomplish this grade by acquiring the cognition by go throughing the assorted stages.. SWOT analysis for my personal development programMy StrengthAs I am determined and focus with my ambitious and with my personal ends, I work hard with acquiring profoundly cognition of my personal field for non merely to accomplish the grade but besides to understand the constructs with clear positions so in the hereafter I can make something and achieve assorted sort of accomplishment.My FailingContinuous Self-motivation is required for executing the undertaking which I lack someplace. As good due to the high competition and recession, there is a deficiency of occupation security after finishing the class. As good uninterrupted working on perticular undertaking acquiring bored so to make something different so non finish peculiar undertaking on a regular basis sometimes. Menaces are ever seen as the hereafter is non certain.My chancesI have an chance to turn out myself as a good director in selling of pharmaceutics field so run as a good employee in this field. After I am done with this class and besides have an chance to do my dreams into world.My MenacesGeting the grade without any restrain. Heavy competition for the freshman ‘s like me along with the universe ‘s recession. The followers are the chief aims of the below action program to get first Pharmacy grade and so MBA: The followers is the action program of my development program:Sr No.How to acquire Pharmacy degreeNo. Of semesterDuration1 Pharmacy grade 8 Semester 4 Old ages 2 PGDM ( Nine Modules ) 2 Semester 8 Calendar months 2 General MBA ( Six Modules ) 2 Semester 4 Calendar months 3 Specialization in Marketing 1 Semester 3 Calendar months1.3b ) Provide grounds of any monitoring, feedback and accommodation madeThe followers are the grounds of feedback or monitoring taken from my seniors and wise mans for my accommodation of proper development in my personal field in order to acquire importance effectual results. I would wish to supervise the above personal development program by myself on the base of my personal calling program which how can develop or done my me every bit good making rest one can be done by doing a chart or graph so can be easy larn or understand towards my existent mark of my advancement. In extra to this, I must portion my personal development program with my coach and senior pupils who are echt that will give me an chance to acquire some feedback from them and accommodation will be made harmonizing to their feedback. Involving other ‘s for monitoring and taking feedback from them serves to be a good thought so that I can maintain a path of my advancement. Besides I should near those people who are a good hearer and who can easy cognize or understand my undertaking, who can help or steer my program and my advancement towards my end. Once the positions are being taken from the people who are extremely qualified with good work experience and those holding good cognition, accommodations will be made after I understand their positions wholly. I should be taking clip to look at my personal development program so that I can do accommodation like activities to call off or rescheduled or besides can do usage of the new chance toward our end which can assist me to acquire nigher to my personal ends.1.3c ) Evaluate and reexamine the effectivity and impact of your acquisitionWhen I will acquiring the my professional direction grade so I will travel to the market in the practical field in the peculiar house for this intent I have to keep my direction profession, direction accomplishments and besides concern be aftering around the market universe for accomplishing end. My direction plan will traveling to assist me in my professional filed to develop my communicating accomplishment, pllanig of undertaking to give best cogniti on accomplishment about that. As good i caring pharmaceutics grade besides add on MBA grade with in marketing field to give me best hereafter in my profession. Directors have to make peculiar direction accomplishment or programme to develop house in the successfully manner in this concern universe. This class besides give cognition about higher concern believing will give more challenging. This class will assist me lot by developing strategic direction cognition and competency in job resolution accomplishments, assorted sort of medical specialty publish and acquire good effectivity. Conclusion – presents in this competition universe each and every company need good and best cognition acquiring employee to hold capableness Tis give new manner to house and company should acquire best accomplishment. As good single has to reed or take a personal accomplishment audit in specific clip period to give best public presentation. Professional accomplishment holding in the individual is really of import in each and every field to come on in the life every bit good for company besides acquire good popularity and net income with it. Who do n't hold skill about the concern or any sort he or she ca n't be stand in this fast path good communicating universe. In the universe professionally development is really of import for single for develop himself and acquiring great accomplishment in life.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is â€Å"cured† of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excitement or joy serves as the UR. The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-in volvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS. The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense. This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed person’s favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. T he subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant. When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searching for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they don’t have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is â€Å"cured† of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excitement or joy serves as the UR. The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-in volvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS. The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense. This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed person’s favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. T he subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant. When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searching for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they don’t have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations.

Political environment of brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political environment of brazil - Essay Example Brazil ranks fifth in terms of land area in the world and has a population of about 200 million people. Brazil traditional political culture can be described as one of colonelismo, tradition of lack of political party and political clientilism. Under colonelism, the administrator had command in the rural areas. However, the promulgation of the seventh and the new constitution (in 1988) changed the political dimension into democratic ideology from what used to be military dictator ship. Democracy brought back individual rights, by ensuring freedom and punishing offences. Nevertheless, the constitution fell short in outlining the issues in state reforms but addressed to details the economic regulation of the country. However, reforms have been done into the constitution to better the controversial clauses. Two democratic principles operate in Brazil. These are the institutions of liberal values and understanding the role of the state from the economic perspective. International principles, on the other hand, are governed by such principles as non intervention, self determination, human rights supremacy and national independence. The key aspect that the new constitution brought into place was the decentralization of socials services to the local governance. This brought about efficiency in service delivery and governance. Diversity was embraced in decision making as democracy was now brought into play, where the local citizens were given a stake in decision making process unlike formerly where municipalities were not decision making institutions. The legislative branch in Brazil consists of the federal senate and the chamber of deputies. Legislative process involves the legislature and the executive. The congresses make the legislative decrees, traditional legislative procedures enact ordinary laws and the president legislate decree laws. The federal district and the government have some common legislative issues. They

Evaluate the role of finance director in an organisation of your Essay

Evaluate the role of finance director in an organisation of your choice - Essay Example The finance director, especially Tesco Plc’s finance director, has other functions (Brealey, 2011). The other functions include setting up and spearheading the implementation of the strategically planned financial plans towards accomplishing established company goals and objectives. In addition, the finance director is fully responsible for the subordinates’ safekeeping and true and correct recording of all financial reports of the company. Correspondingly, the finance director must analyse the financial data as a tool for recommending future finance-related management and marketing strategies. The Tesco finance director reports to other top level corporation officers (Megginson, 2008). The finance directors reports to the chief executive officer. Likewise, the finance director presents the financial position of the company to the board of directors the board of directors are the investors of the company. As investors, the members of the board of directors are part owners of the corporation. The other owners of the corporation are the investors or stockholders who are not members of the board of directors. Likewise, the finance director attends meetings of the board of directors. During the attendance, the finance director presents his financial reports. The financial reports include the prior accounting period’s financial position accounts. There are other functions of the finance director, including Tesco Plc’s finance director (Melicher, 2008). The finance director monitors and manages the finance department of the company. The finance department includes the accounting department, the budget department, and the treasury department. The treasury department is in charge of safekeeping the corporation’s cash and other cash equivalent accounts. Further, the finance director contributes his share to ensuring the budget amounts hasten the accomplishment of strategic company targets and benchmarks. The finance

Charlie Wilson's War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Charlie Wilson's War - Essay Example Charlie Wilson prevented the Red Army from overtaking Afghanistan, and this eventually led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and simultaneously fueled the rise of radical Islam. A congressional representative, Charlie Wilson had great interest in partying and staffing his congressional office with young and attractive women. This social life of Charlie Wilson brings into attention federal investigation about him being a cocaine user (Bronson 301). The federal prosecutor Rudy Giuliani carried the investigation, but no evidence against Charlie was found. Charlie was a fervent anti-communist with a strong dislike of the Soviets and was a friend of the Nicaragua’s Somoza and Pakistan’s Muhammad Zia Hag. Generally, nobody is a purist, but Charlie Wilson seemed to be one. What lured him to the plight of Afghanistan was the insurgency against the Soviet occupation and his passion for the underdogs (Quick and Nelson 456). The Soviet-Afghan war was a nine-year conflict that in volved the Soviet Union forces supported by the Marxist people of the Afghanistan government against Mujahedeen resistance. In the context of the cold war, this group found support from various sources like the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and other Muslim nations. The efforts of Charlie Wilson made it possible for the Afghans to defeat the Soviet Forces. This was the last war of the cold war period. It gave a clear understanding of the two most important events of our time, which are the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of the militant Islam. Charlie Wilson served in Texas House and Senate before moving to the United States House of Representatives, where he served with the second congressional district before he retired in 1996. In the beginning of the book, Wilson is in a tub with two showgirls and a good supply of cocaine. This reputation made people underestimate Charlie Wilson and allowed him to work without anyone seeing. Charlie Wilson was used to seeing b attles and wars; he, therefore, saw himself as a man of destiny. Wilson had an unwavering patriotism and was convinced of the threat by the Soviets since the time he graduated from college (Crile 149). John F. Kennedy, when he won the elections through his inaugural speeches, has inspired Wilson. In his later age, Wilson never thought entirely of the news reports from the Afghanistan refugees, who flew from the Pakistan in thousands, and the gunships that destroyed the villages. Charlie Wilson and his counterpart Gust Avrakotos have a public picture as quintessential stereotypical American cowboys. They are depicted as fearless, rough-necked, and social class rule breakers who worked around the obstacles and pushed roughly their mutual enemy, the Soviet Union. They both used politics, spy novel secrecy, American money, and technology to fight against the Afghan tribesmen. Gust Avrakotos Until the production of the book Charlie Wilson War in 2003, the public knew almost nothing about Gust. The book portrays the U.S involvement in the Afghanistan-Soviet war as a partnership between Gust and a Texas congressional representative, Charles Wilson. Gust was born in Pennsylvania in the family of the Greek American soft drink manufacturer from the island of Aliquippa (Quick and Nelson 487). Gust graduated from the University of Pittsburgh after completing his

Tracing the development of painting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tracing the development of painting - Term Paper Example The essay "Tracing the development of painting" discovers the development of painting. The chronological discussion of painting styles proves the difference in visual characteristics but with a number of similarities and are related to each other in some way or other. This painting style was originated around 1600s and influenced the following centuries. Besides, this form of painting style is rich and deep in color, and the intense usage of light and shadow. The exponents of Baroque style made use of the most exact moment or the dramatic point of events arouse emotionality in the minds of viewers. One of the best examples for Baroque as a painting style is The Deposition by Caravaggio. Neoclassicism dominated the European art from 18th century to 19th century. Neoclassicism was basically a reaction against Rococo style in European Art. As a painting style, Neoclassicism gave due importance to Roman and Greek art. Its influence is not limited to the sphere of painting, but it extends to other forms of art like literature and architecture. One of the best examples for Neoclassicism as a painting style is The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David. Realism originated in Europe, especially in France, in 1850s. Besides, it was a movement against Romanticism. Realism was totally against the emotionalism projected by Romanticism, and was in favor of the ideology of Objective Realism. So, truth and accuracy were the fundamental principles of Realism in painting. In short, realism gave due importance.... Impressionism: Impressionism originated in Paris, as an Art movement in 19th century. The name Impressionism is originated from Claude Monet’s art work, namely ‘Impression, Sunrise’. The usage of thin brushstrokes, perfect lighting, usage of ordinary subjects, and strange visual angles are some of its main characteristics. One of the best examples for Impressionism is The Abduction of Egypt by Shwidkiy Andrey (see appendix -4). Post-Impressionism: Post-Impressionism was developed in France during 1880s. Roger Fry, the renowned British Art critic was behind the creation of the term Post-Impressionism. Post-Impressionism was an extension of Impressionism, but rejected the limitations of Impressionism. The exponents of Post-Impressionism gave more importance to geometric forms. The usage of unnatural color in paintings is one of the most important features of Post-Impressionism. One of the best examples for Post-Impressionism is Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh (See ap pendix – 5). Cubism: Cubism transformed the scenario of painting in Europe and deeply influenced other forms of art like sculpture and music. The basic element of Cubism is to break down the object, analyze it, and to re- assemble the same. This helps the painter to present the art work with difference in subject matter. The usage of random angles is the most important aspect of cubism. One of the best examples for Cubism is Guernica by Pablo Picasso (see appendix-7). Geometric abstraction: Geometric abstraction is based on abstract art. Besides, it is based on non-objective and two dimensional models. It rejects exaggeration and illusionistic modes of painting and makes use of canvas as

MECHANISMS FOR EVALUATING FINANCIAL HEALTH OF HEALTH CARE Essay - 1

MECHANISMS FOR EVALUATING FINANCIAL HEALTH OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS CS - Essay Example The total revenue for Pearland Medical Center reduced by $250,000,000 in the year 2013, compared to the revenue the firm had generated in the year 2012. At the same time, the operating expenses reduced by $200,000,000, which means that the net income of Pearland Medical Center reduced by $50,000,000 between the two years. The net revenue for 2012 and 2013 was $915,000,000 and $865,000,000 respectively. On the other hand, the total profit for the same period was $965,000,000 and $915,000,000 for 2012 and 2013 respectively. The cash flow of the Medical Center was equal to the total profit of the company since the inflow of the business was only through revenue and the cash outflow was through marketing, operating, research and education expenses. However, sinceBut depreciation is a non-cash flow item in this scenario, it should be used to establish the total profit and the net cash flow of Pearland Medical Center (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). The profit margin measures how much every dollar revenue a firm keeps in its earnings (Albrecht & Albrecht, 2008). The total profit margin of the firm stood at 69% and 61% in 2013 and 2012 respectively. This means that the firm realized a net percentage of $0.69 and $0.61 for every dollar of sales. This showed that Pearland Medical Center’s ability to control its expenses, improved in 2013 as compared to 2012, and it is attributed to a reduction in operating expenses by $200,000,000. On the other hand, the total profit margin, excluding grants and investments, stood at 59% and 48% in 2013 and 2012 respectively. This implied that the firm’s earnings from every dollar it had invested reduced to 0.59 and 0.48 per dollar as a result of the exclusion of grants and investment in its revenue. Based on the income statement report, the firms financial health is not badly off because Pearland medical center made some positive returns from its investments. But if they are

Explain why the nineteenth century saw the development of multilateral Essay

Explain why the nineteenth century saw the development of multilateral diplomacy in Europe - Essay Example The extension of that system through the growth of European influence overseas, the eventual erosion of Europe’s pre-eminence, the rise of the superpowers, the birth of new states, and the challenge of universalist creeds and ideologies, each in their own way influenced the methods, style and content of diplomacy. The emancipation within barely thirty years of almost all the colonial and dependent territories of Britain, France, the Netherlands and Portugal thus vastly inflated the world’s corps diplomatiques, strained traditional diplomatic values, and transformed institutionalized ‘multilateral diplomacy’ – or diplomacy by committee as it has been most appropriately termed – from a convenience into a necessity. The post-Cold War multilateral diplomacy is exemplified by more versatile policies of meetings and discussions with enormous issues and the rising contribution of authorities, national groups and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Multilateral diplomacy was trying to get used to to these new circumstances. Several issues were escalating ‘multilateral diplomacy’ in Europe – such as scientific, economic, anti political matters are worldwide and enormous in extent (Anderson 1993, pg. 106). They are outstripping the age-old means by which European regime managed them. The signing of the Peace of Westphalia reinforced by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, founded the theory of nationwide control, thus placing the nations of Europe on equivalent lawful balance (Clive 1999, pg. 689). This concept of self-governing equivalence – awarding each state with protective honour and the right to carry out domestic and overseas dealings without outer involvement – symbolizes the initial real ordering code amongst nations. After Westphalia, ‘decentralized control by self-governing states’ (Falk 1969, p. 69) gave the foundation of straight international order essential to the following expansion of worldwide organization.

Sandro Botticelli biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sandro Botticelli biography - Essay Example This can be seen in his first commission 'Fortitude' (1470), painted for the Merchants Guild in Florence. Despite this description of his painting style, he nevertheless produced strong images with an excellent attention to detail and good use of perspective though unlike many of that time he did not really concern himself with working out the exact details of either perspective or anatomy for that matter. This indifference with anatomy is one of the ways in which Bottacelli manages to produce the serene quality in many of figures in his paintings. Through the influence of Verocchio and the brothers Pollajuoli this idealism was combined with the naturalness of Masaccio. These qualities explain Botticelli's great influence over later painters. Botticelli's life was a retired one passed largely in very modest circumstances. We know, however that he was in the employ of the Medici and other prominent Florentine families from about 1483 to 1500. Although never inclined to frivolity he was yet influence by the worldly spirit of the age until Savonarola's powerful call to repentance aroused his moral nature and guided his powers, it now seems, into entirely new paths. He never knew how to take care of money and he died at last in need. Botticelli was too unassuming to sign and date his works in most instances, so that the order in time of his paintings has to be judged from the canvasses themselves. In 1470 Sandro started own workshop. Five years later, he painted the portrait (National Gallery, Washington) of Giuliano de' Medici, b rother of Lorenzo. In about 1478, Sandro, now in the favor of the Medici family, painted the enigmatic "Primavera (Spring)" (Uffizi, Florence). The work was commissioned by Lorenzo, son of Pierfrancesco de' Medici, a tormented and neurotic young man. The painting of "Primavera"- like "La Nascita di Venere (The Birth of Venus)" - was placed inside the Villa di Castello where Lorenzino lived. From this painting, a number of art historians have derived the iconography of the Florentine culture of Botticelli's day. Agnolo Poliziano, poet and tutor of Lorenzo de' Medici's sons (including Giovanni, future Pope Clemente X), with his lyric poems in which the wind teases nymphs in Arcadian woods, would appear to be the textual reference for Botticelli's mythology (Vasari 44). Other famous works by Botticelli include "Pallas and the Centaur", "Venus and Mars", and "The Birth of Venus". The figures certainly do not enact a known myth but rather are used allegorically to illustrate various aspe cts of love: in "Pallas," the subjugation of male lust by female chastity; in "Venus and Mars," a celebration of woman's calm triumph after man's sexual exhaustion; and in "The Birth of Venus," the birth of love in the world (Levey 103, 111). Whilst working for the Medici certainly conferred many rewards they were nevertheless a dangerous family to be round. The Renaissance, however, is not called that for nothing and along side the wars, killings and double dealings that punctuated that period was a real sense of a rebirth of ideas, science, art and philosophical thought. Key to this in Florence was the rediscovery of the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras, which fused together with some elements of eastern mysticism. This new philosophical ideal became known as Neoplatonism, which saw love, beauty,

Truth Essay Essay Example for Free

Truth Essay Essay How should truth be defined based on the knowledge one would have? There are endless theories that try to answer this question. Unfortunately, every theory has its contest. Would we even know if a theory was the truth? That is not even possible. We could never prove whether a theory was actually truth. It creates a loop. We would have to know what is and isn’t truth to prove what is actually true. Is truth relative, or is it absolute? How would we know? Winkin made a statement about the Dutroux Commission, which was a court case in which a Belgian man named Marc Dutroux was found guilty of murder after he kidnapped, imprisoned and repeatedly raped six girls and murdered four of them, which states â€Å". . . the Commission is based on a sort of presupposition that there exists, not a truth, but the truth. . . † However, as he talked on he stated that he believed that both Officer Lesage, who said he send Judge Doutrewe a file on Dutroux, and that Doutrewe, who denied ever receiving the file, were both telling the truth. He implied that truth is in relation to one person is not necessarily true in relation to another person. What is true depends on who is making the statement. On another hand, the most popular theory of truth is the correspondence theory. The correspondence theory states that truth is a correspondence between a proposal or idea and some fact in the real world. This theory assumes that there actually is a real world whose existence does not depend on our own thought, beliefs and perceptions. It assumes that the real world exists and has always existed whether or not we were around to believe it or not. However, this theory is contested. It can be â€Å"wrongly assumed† that we can determine whether our beliefs correspond to an external realty or just our response to the external world through our senses. Perhaps the problem with this is that we cannot define the fact that the statement is suppose to correspond without using the true statement as proof. However, in tune with the correspondence theory, coherence theory states that a belief is true if it is coherent with other beliefs that we regard as true. However, I personally believe that truth is not defined this way at all. You can get a 3 billion people to believe that the sun is a giant llama wizard and the stars are his minions and it would not make it anymore true and would probably be proven false eventually. This relates to when people thought the earth was flat or that the sun orbited it. It is clear, with the faults in the correspondence and the coherence theory, more possibilities have been suggested. Possibilities such being that a belief is true if it works or is useful, like the pragmatic theory. This â€Å"Pragmatic Theory† holds that there is no actual absolute truth. A statement is true if it is useful to believe. It is only true if it is beneficial to us or necessary to survival, if it passes the test of science. However, the flaw I see in this theory is that the wonder that, what if what is beneficial to the human race is not able to pass the test of science? Why would it need to? If it is useful and we believe it why should it have to pass the test of science? Not to mention that if everyone just suddenly believes it, it doesn’t necessarily make it true all of the sudden. I side with Winkin. He defines that there are many truth depending on whom you are and who is talking. I tend to agree with that. This would mean there just may be an actual and absolute truth but we would never know for sure. This way truth is both relative and absolute. I may believe the relative truth and another may believe that which is absolute. It is also possible that everyone believes a relative truth and the absolute is hidden. It would be impossible to prove what is true and what would not be if we all believed something different to be true. However, that is small scale. There are seven billion people on the planet. Everyone one the whole planet could believe that, bringing the sun back to the spotlight, the earth is currently orbiting the sun. However, we could all believe it and have the science, as we would believe, to back up the theory but it may not be true at all. Truth can be both relative and absolute.

The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan Essay Example for Free

The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan Essay The passage from The comfort of Stranger by Ian McEwan is a narrative passage which humorously anecdotes about a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve young brother, Robert, and his teenage sisters, Eva and Maria. The naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve young brother can be compared with the immature sisters who were wearing their mothers clothes and cosmetics while they were alone in the house. Later, the boy tells his father everything that happened while they were at home. Not simply to make the readers to laugh, McEwan shows his contempt of the two beautiful sisters, the theme of naivety, unreliability of appearance is prominent throughout the writing. Throughout the story, Robert seems to be the most important character who allows the writer to reach the climax and create a comic relief. As Robert calls his mother Mama and I believed he knew everything, like a god show that the boys ingenuousness makes him unable to tell a lie to his father. This deducts that Roberts characterization emphasizes the difference between the sisters, Eva and Maria, and comes into an effect of exaggerating the thoughtless action of the girls. At the same time the author may suggest that the boy is slightly alienated from his siblings. In the last paragraph, fathers action of staring at Robert and asking what have you been doing this afternoon shows that he believes that Robert cannot tell a lie to him and, as expected, Robert tells his father everything what Eva and Maria have done. This is not simply a comic relief and the climax that makes the passage interesting, but an action which shows whether being a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve person and not lying is a good choice or not, after all. In the first paragraph, McEvan creates a detailed imagery and description of the rising action: Eva and Maria wearing cosmetics and trying to look as beautiful as they can. McEvan describes Eva and Maria in Roberts point of view, and mainly uses verbs and nouns; white and beautiful are the only adjectives, carefully is the only and one adverb and these were American firm stars is the metaphor that has been used to describe the girls actions and beauty. Still and all, by spending 13 lines of his passage to describe the sisters, McEvan excludes emotional elements, and makes the rising action awfully long, and persuades the readers to condemn Eva and Marias desire for beautiful appearance. However, if the first paragraph is examined in cold blood, the long account for the actions of Eva and Maria could be biased as the narrator is the young boy who calls his mother Mama. Also, their desire to have better appearances could be understandable for the wealthy teenage school girls. In the last two sentences, McEwan concentrates more in characterizing the Eva and Maria to suggest the unreliability of appearances. In the third paragraph, Eva and Maria put the clothes back to where they were, and opens the window to make sure that their mother does not realize that her perfume has been sprayed. The girls tried to deceive their mother and father and change to their normal clothes. Suddenly the beautiful women had become my sisters again suggests how easy it is to deceive appearance of human and other objects. Furthermore, the girls, who just had beautiful appearances, behaved as if nothing had happened, and denied what Robert told to his father. Therefore, the writer gives an evidence of how simple it is to deceive with the appearances, but not as simple and easy it is to deceive with the emotions. Compared with the first paragraph, the last two paragraphs are relatively shorter in length. The second paragraph is the shortest one that illustrates Eva and Maria putting the clothes, powder and lipstick to where they were at the beginning. In the third paragraph, the plot unfolds rapidly, and creates suspense when Robert reveals what had happened in the afternoon. Thus, the author is suggesting how fast and easy it is to deceive the in visual way and at the same time, how the truth can never be deceived completely. Most of the readers would find this passage hilarious, and at the same time, they might feel not so sympathetic toward Eva and Maria. However, most of the readers probably have experienced a similar situation which Robert or Eva and Maria are in. Therefore, the author could be telling the readers to have a flashback of a situation where they were Robert or Eva and Maria, and consider if they were trying to lie and deceive other person.

Introduction To Trade Union

Introduction To Trade Union According to the Central Statistics Office (CSO) there are around 535,500 employees on the Mauritian labour market in the first quarter of 2012. These workers are the human resource of our country and they deserved to be treated as valuable asset. However, in our lucrative oriented era, where the pursuit of profit triumph over the human rights and freedom of these workers. Hundreds of workers have no say in their working conditions; many are helpless in front of the managerial level, others are intimidated, or dismissed when their basic objective is to prone the human rights of freedom of association, collective bargaining and industrial democracy. On this basis, it has been none a coincidence to perceive the rise of trade union movements and understood that these movements had been on a perpetual alert and are continually fighting for their members to make the human right prevail before profits. The history of Trade Unions is a history of struggles for greater social justice and against tyranny, both in societies and at the workplace. The need for Trade Union in our country begun with the Industrial Revolution, where the rise of factories and the deskilling of labour led to workers seeking security through collective bargaining agreements. Trade Unions in Mauritius operate within the framework of the Industrial Relation Act 1973 (IRA). Of course, these trade unions around the country have the same purpose and objectives which is the welfare of the workers. Haniff Peerun the president of MLC confederation told us that: Mauritius Labour Congress being a Confederation always sees to it that all labour laws are respected and that all workers rights are respected. On the same basis, Mr X leader of the National Trade Union Congress told us that; the role of his organisation is to help promote and protect the rights of workers in the country. Trade unions give employees a number of important privileges that they would not otherwise possess as individuals. This is the reason why trade unions need to safeguard that their determinations to defend their labours match the efforts of managers looking to destabilise the employees. In addition, psychological contract and employers- employees relationship is also taken into consideration, by helping in the flow of communication as well as renegotiation through collective bargaining. 1.2 Aims and objectives This investigation will focus on the role and responsibilities of Trade Union movements in our country and the extent to which they are efficient and effective in both the public and private sector. The four specific objectives of this study are: Evaluate the perception of usefulness of trade unions as well as its accessibility in private sector as well as public sector. Assessing the employees intention to rely on Trade Unions and measure the gauge of satisfaction in a Unions member perspective Investigate the methods used by the Trade Union movement to negotiate better working conditions, for negotiation, leadership and securing economic benefits. Finding out how the Trade Union deal with certain crisis that arises in the workplace and the concrete involvement of the Trade Unions for their members 1.3 Background of study Mauritian development promises to promote standards of living for its population by bringing about a greater productivity through the diffusion of technological innovation as well as updated methods in exploiting equipment and the human resources, superior specialization, enhanced access to credit and capital as well as cheaper goods and services. At the same time, policies, laws and acts were amended for the welfare of the citizen, for instance the Industrial Relation Act 1973 or employment rights act 2008. However with the sole vision of making the country a world- wise competitive one, little importance is given to the concrete implementation of those laws on a daily basis. On that basis, Trade Union movements were launched in Mauritius, so as to voice out the workers rights. The chief target of the project is to identify the effectiveness of the roles and responsibilities of trade unions in our Mauritian system. It briefly examines the evolution of these movements in the country, by going back on their very start. In addition, a highlight of the intervention of the Trade Unions in our various sectors and how their concrete actions contribute to their members. The document will also enlighten the functions and importance of trade union in the Mauritian context as well as providing reasons to enrol as a Trade Union member. Analyzing the different challenges face by the Trade Unions such as the recent PRB issue, Labour laws, decent work, living condition among others, in the point of view of the trade unions, federation and confederation.Comparing the old managerial style to the new one, the paper will also bring emphasis on why the popularity of Trade Union has diminished. An overview of the future role of trade union will be discussed in order to see if t hese movements will resist the major changes of globalization as well as financial crisis. As a group of students, we implemented a top-down, quantitative approach to our research, which allowed us to analyse the various roles of trade unions in Mauritius, as this was considered the most appropriate method for studying the topic; we evaluated the hierarchy of trade union; Confederation, federation and finally Trade Unions. We identified the Mauritius Labour Congress as the main Confederation, the National Trade Union Congress and the Mauritius trade Union labour as federation and various other trade unions which are affiliated to the federation. Adhering to the concept of interviews and surveys, our observations were pooled to provide a broader and more precise representation than that provided by a sole investigation technique. Chapter 2: Roles and Responsibilities of Trade Union 2.1 Definition of Trade Union Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 as an association of persons, whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations between workers and employers The Trade Union or Labour Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have bonded together motivated by a simple motto Unity makes strength. Workers will therefore utilise trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board of directions. Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organisation. According to Cunnison, Trade Union is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general purpose of the association in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to bargain with the employers The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by securing economic benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the workplace and guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace. Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labour contracts are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximise the number of employees an employer can hire. 2.2 Hierarchy of Trade Unions There is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified; the confederation, the federations and the trade unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are; National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the trade unions which are affiliated to the NTUC; The Federation of Civil Service Unions, Federation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, General Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers. Confederation: The Mauritius Labour Congress The MLC is the largest registered and recognized central organization of workers in the country. It was created in 1963 from a merger of the Mauritius Trade Union Congress and the Mauritius Confederation of Free Trade Unions. It represents over 45,000 members through its 56 affiliates, which directly and indirectly covers 125 individual trade unions. The MLC was the unique national confederation affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) representing workers from practically all sectors such as Sugar Industry, Civil/Public Service, Para-statal Bodies, Aviation, Docks, Banking, Insurance, Tea, Transport, Hotel and Tourism, EPZ, Local Authorities and the private sector. We had an interview with Mr Haniff Peerun, the president of the confederation who told us that the vision of the organisation was to defend the rights of workers on the labour market. According to him, the aim and objectives of his trade union were: Adequate salary compensation to be paid to workers Make proposal to the government on budget To train the trade union members and affiliates To raise their voice whenever the rights of workers and consumers are at stake. Federation: The National Trade Union Confederation The National Trade Unions Confederation (NTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius and is affiliated with the Confederation. Which have two primary affiliates in the name of Federation of Civil Service Unions, and the Organization of Artisans Unity. It is composed of 20 members who represent all categories of workers within the public sector and its members are organised in branches, each branches having an executive committee, consisting of a president, secretary and a treasurer. The Vision of the confederation which has been identified after an interview with the leader of the organisation came out to be: To be a respected partner and a reference in trade unionism To be at the forefront of change, leadership and sound industrial relations. Moreover, according to him the aim and objectives of the Union are: Our main objective is to maintain mobilisation of our members and also organise those whom we represent. We also aim to help to make the public service more responsive to the needs of the people : Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) The Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) is a national trade union center in Mauritius affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. It was founded by Emmanuel Anquetil in 1946. It comprises of 29,000 members and is have Mr Dewan Quedou as president. 2.3 Structure of Trade Union The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely: The Annual Delegates Congress It is the authority which governs the federation. The Executive Council It comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is usually the secretary or the president and the Bureau members and two observers per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct meeting regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss disagreements between different affiliates. Meeting can be scheduled on the demand of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too. The Bureau It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant Treasurer and a fourth one who is the organising secretary. President He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation. General secretary The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the Secretariat of Federation. Treasurer He is in charge of the accounts of the federation. Organising Secretary He is in charge of organising events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others. Public Relation Officer He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be published by the media. 2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade Union The existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial development pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the formation of new one such as the technological one as well as the tourism sector, human resources were required. However, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour force appears. This is where the trade union emerged; they ensured that the human rights of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution. Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they formed part of. The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following ways: First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation. They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them. The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment. In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses to their members. They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance; they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others. 2.5 Objectives of trade unions. The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues like: Negotiation One of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it can negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These negotiations are commonly known as collective bargaining. Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation process normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even have the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual agreement also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union. Representing Body Employees and other workers have the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting. Information and Advice If someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work related problems. Member Service Trade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as equal opportunities. Voice in decision affecting Workers Trade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which reduce employment, e.g. restructuring and automation 2.6 Types of Trade Union Craft or Occupation Union. This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The advantage of craft unionism is the sense of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears skilled workers, they have a good economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased. One- Shop Union or House Union The one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of union has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily dominated by management. Common Employer Union. The common employer union is basically the same except that it organizes across establishments owned by the same employer. It suffers from basically the same disadvantages as a one-shop union. 2.7 Characteristic of Trade Union Trade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an essential and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such as: Trade Union come together for common goals and interest The members have some materials of collective interest such as improving working conditions, better wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome. Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earners: Unions are essentially a cooperative labour marketing association whose aim is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and political views of its members. Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working class bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such as: Agricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU) Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC) Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) Trade Unions are basically voluntary organizations: Members of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely free to become a member of a Trade Union or not; none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated. Unions are egalitarian bodies: The Unions are self-governed; this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade Union Act. The Trade Union is a continuous association Union is not a daily affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membership Constant evolution in the characteristic of Trade Union With this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members. Rapport with the Management: The unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees. 2.8 Functions of Trade Unions Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions: Militant Function Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Fraternal Function Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as follows: Intra-mural activities: These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees e.g. wages, strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extra-mural activities: These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Political activities: Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working class Other Functions Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations; however the five main general principles developed have been: The service function The representative function The regulatory function The government function The public administration function The service function This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members. The representative function This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace. The regulatory function This enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done either: directly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial Council Or indirectly through regulatory legislation The government and public administration function Trade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respective function within the law. Trade unions also play an important role in: improving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectives negotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the people encouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employees acting as a positive change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organization Protecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management. safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership Chapter 3: Trade Union at Work 3.1 Need for trade Union Trade Unions contribute much in the industrial peace; they are required for different purpose such as effective communication between employees and employers as they are the mediator between them. They also make sure that the divergence of opinions is taken into consideration and of course do not turn out into conflicts. They also bear a great responsibility in safeguarding the interests of their members. They are the protector, the counseling, the mediator, coach, and keep an eye on the environment in which their members evolves every day seeking a healthy and safe working place. Reasons why Trade Union is useful at work: Trade unions aid to enhance the pace of economic growth in many ways; through the recruitment and selection of workers instructing discipline among the workforce Trying to inculcate the organisation culture of the organisation to the new employee settling industrial clashes in a rational manner helping in social adjustments: new working conditions, abiding to new rules and policies Trade unions are a portion of society and are concern with the national integration: Encouraging and preserving national integration through the minimization of industrial conflicts. Incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers Attaining industrial peace To ensure job security and right pay for the members: One of the main reasons why the employee decides to join a union is principally for security, especially in the private sector where people are unsure of their job position. Employees desire to get paid according to their qualifications and skills. To express the complaints of employees to the managerial level: Though some employees do have grievance again the employers, they do not convey their thoughts as they fear of getting dismissed Employees do not like to be subjected to arbitrary and capricious actions by management. When difficult situation happens, employees may notice that they have little or no influence in job-related matters, thus becoming prime targets for unionization Facilitate the flow of communication between employers and employees Enhance the employer and employee relations Facilitate decisions making through the process of collective bargaining and negotiations 3.2 Reason for joining a Trade Union Individuals in various sectors of Mauritius choose to join a union in order to protect by the laws and regulations which abide the union. They might have different reasons joining and these reasons will tend to change over time. At the start of ones career, the main reason is for job security and working conditions, and when having experience it is for a better salary or benefits. Remember that independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped in order to make Unity stand still in front of managers. Other reasons can involve dissatisfaction with management, need for a social outlet, opportunity for leadership, forced unionization and peer pressure. Other important reasons for joining trade union: Greater Bargaining Power: As said before, when trying to bargain alone, the employee will not make the difference but if the whole organisation voices out it will me more tangible; a Strike by a union is a powerful tool that often causes the employer to accept the demands of the workers for better conditions of employment. Minimize Discrimination in decisions concerning wages, working conditions, promotion among others. There might be favouritisms if the manager appreciates more one employee than another. Discrimination can arise in term of racism, culture, religion, gender, origins and names. Sense of Security: employees join unions so as to have adequate security in term of accidents, injury, illness, unemployment, but also obtaining; retirement benefits and compelling the management to invest in welfare services for the benefit of the workers. Sense of Participation: so as to be involved in the decision- making of the organisation and influence the results through collective bargaining. Sense of Belongingness: some join because their co-mates are members others under group pressure. This may be an aspect of respect for those who are not members. Platform for self-expression: the workers want to be taken into consideration by the managerial level. Thus Trade unions provide such a forum to convey feelings, ideas, complaints and opinions. Betterment of relationships; workers believe that unions can satisfy the main need for suitable equipment for proper maintenance of employer-employee relations. Unions help in betterment of industrial relations among management and workers by solving the problems peacefully. 3.3 Pros and Cons of Trade Union Advantages of Trade Union Trade Union can increase the salary of its members as well as benefit through negotiation. Represent the workers in front of the employers and society Protect against exploitation Uphold health and safety legislation Trades unions can give representation to workers facing legal action. Can voice out for better working conditions Ask for training, learning and development of knowledge, skills and abilities Build the employee and employer

Thurgood Marshall Essay examples -- History Lawyer Marshall Biographie

Thurgood Marshall After the Reconstruction period, African Americans had won freedom and no longer were seen as processions of the whiteman, although, something even more evil existed, segregation. This problem made life for many black people an ever-continuing struggle. Black people were forced to attend separate schools, churches, hotels, and even restaurants. At the time, white males dominated the work force and many African Americans rarely found well paying jobs. The court system judged people of color more harshly than people of white skin, which led to unfair sentences and lynchings. A lynching is when a person is hanged or executed without a trial; they were very common during this time period. African Americans could only take so much of this, they cried out against the unequal ways that white people practiced. Foundations were formed to aid these people and bring justice to the society they were living in. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was probably th e most significant of these foundations. This was the same organization that Thurgood Marshall became the leading lawyer of. Thurgood Marshall was born in the year of 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. He was prepped and raised by his mother, Norma Arica Marshall, and his father, William Canfield Marshall. Thurgood's mother was one of the first African Americans to graduate from Colombia University and his father was the first black person to serve on Baltimore's grand jury in the...

White-Only Scholarship Controversy :: Diversity Equality Racism Essays

Diversity, a word often heard growing up. In high school diversity was an issue that was pushed repeatedly. I attended a school that had a student body of over 2000 students, in which diversity was not really an issue. As time passed I found that diversity affected my life more and more. As college neared filling out applications became more of a ritual, and I found that by being born into a white middle class family would hinder my financial status rather than help it. Recently an article appeared in the Iowa State Daily, which addressed the issue of a white-only scholarship. In addition to the scholarships offered to members of the minority races, a scholarship should be offered to the members of the decreasing majority. Whites or Caucasians make up a group just as Native Americans, blacks, and Hispanics do. The one thing that separates whites from these other groups besides skin color is the fact that for each minority group, there are several scholarships that pertain to each. As a nation we have placed a great deal of emphasis on making sure the minorities are getting equal opportunities, but we forget that there are members of the Caucasian decent that need assistance as well. Most times minorities are the ones that need financial assistance in a college situation, but we have forgotten that there are white families that have grown up in the same neighborhood as these individuals, who also need financial assistance. This is why the idea of a white-only scholarship is not so unrealistic. A group of students attending Roger Williams University have created a Whites-only scholarship to initially protest affirmative action. This protest however has snowballed into the real thing. This protest has now become a $250 scholarship available to only white students. This award shows America that whites are becoming the minority, and no matter how much we fight it, it is going to become a reality sooner or later. This then opens America’s eyes and shows them that by being a minority there are more opportunities for financial aid based on skin color than there are for whites. This said, there should be at least one scholarship for just whites to counteract the many minority scholarships available to other races. â€Å"Many people think that coming from a white background you’re automatically privileged, you’re automatically rich, and your parents pay your full tuition.